Volume 12 (2024), Issue 4

Cocoa has considerable economic significance in Ecuador, playing an important role in agricultural sustainability and the national economy. The phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri is responsible for frosty pod rot disease, which affects this crop. This study evaluated chitosan\'s role as a biostimulant and its effectiveness in controlling Moniliophthora roreri in cocoa cultivation. Five chitosan treatments (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g L-1, and a control) were applied, and each treatment was replicated four times. The 2 g L-1 treatment significantly enhanced the number of pods (32.67) and almonds (66.5), along with increases in the fresh (1936.17 g) and dry (724.7 g) weights of the almonds compared to the control and lower chitosan concentrations. It also lowered the incidence and severity of M. roreri at 60 120 and 180 days. Using 2 g L-1 of chitosan also slowed down the disease (AUDPC) with a value of 1413.60 compared to the control treatment. These findings show that chitosan could be used as a long-term option in cocoa farming to boost yields and protection to M. roreri.\r\nKeywords: Disease progression, incidence, efficiency, severity, yield.\r\n

Triple Helix (TH) model is a crucial instrument for introducing innovations in agricultural systems and products, encompassing university and governmental production sectors. Thus, the present research aims to assess the efficacy of implementing a biotechnological innovation in yam (Dioscorea spp.) cultivation by applying TH model. The components under consideration were for the educational, governmental, and production sectors. Awareness and training activities were identified as critical for the establishment, management, propagation, diversification, and agricultural extension of the selected yam clones. A total of 25 training activities were considered favorable in response to 675 participants. Their impact on local governmental actions enabled creating three categorized mass seed multiplication units involving 175 people. The project commenced with acquiring 7 500 plants subsequently acclimatized in vitro, whose processes yielded 60 000 seeds planted in the field. The survival rate was 96%, and yields were 60 t/ha-1 for urban and 50 t/ha-1 for suburban agricultural systems. These values were higher than those obtained through the traditional method (10 t/ha-1). The organoleptic tuber analysis from the improved seeds demonstrated superior flavor, appearance, and texture indicators with a 25% increase in acceptance compared to the traditional system. Therefore, HT model allowed evaluating the yam biotechnological innovation effectiveness, demonstrating its applicability to other agricultural systems and products in Cuba and internationally, thereby contributing to food sovereignty

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a serious soil-borne disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The study aimed to prepare clove essential oil (CEO) in a nanoemulsion (CEONE) form and to evaluate its antifungal potential against FOL in comparison to its bulk form (CEO) using a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. CEONE was prepared and characterized using DLS, Zeta potential, and TEM analysis. The wilt disease incidence (WDI%) and wilt disease severity (WDS%) were assessed. Enzymatic activity and biochemical changes as well as histopathological alterations were subsequently investigated. Anti-proliferative effect of CEONE on male albino rats was investigated through hematological, biochemical, and histological analyses. The prepared CEONE showed a Z-average diameter of 50.75 nm having a spherical-shaped droplet structure as confirmed by TEM imaging and showed a surface charge exceeding -37.6 mV. Laboratory results revealed that CEONE had a significant antifungal activity towards FOL at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200µl/L with inhibition percentages of 44.72, 64.17, and 78.06%, respectively. Greenhouse findings showed that CEONE significantly decreased the WDI and WDS of FOL when applied at 200 µl/L with efficacy reaching 85.19 and 87.72%, respectively. Field experimental results indicated that the application of CEONE at 200 µl/L decreased the WDI of FOL to 66.67% and WDS up to 60.92 % when compared to CEO, and untreated control. Application of CEONE (100 µl/L) and CEO (1000 µl/L), significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the level of PPO. Whereas, the highest concentrations of CEONE (200 µl/L) and CEO (1500 µl/L) significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated the level of PPO. Out of all treatments, CEONE at a concentration of 50 µl/L exhibited a significant increase in total chlorophyll, and carotenoids with values reaching 54.41?g/g FW and 2.0 ?g/g FW, respectively. Anatomical analysis revealed no tissue damage in the epidermis, cortex and vascular bundles of the treated tomato stem. Toxicity analyses revealed that renal function parameters (blood urea and serum creatinine) and hepatic function markers (ALT and AST) were slightly altered among animals treated with CEONE at 200 µl/kg body weight. The hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses did not demonstrate any remarkable toxicity of CEONE on rats organs, indicating no harmful properties of CEONE. Further experimental and field trials may be advised

This study was conducted in the department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. Microscopically, Adult worms of Toxocara spp appeared milky white with a coiled posterior end notable and from the erect tail, adult male was shorter than the female, with a finger-like projection. Eggs of T. cati in different stages development were incubated with Artemisia absinthium extract in different concentrations and time period. Artemisia absinthium alcoholic extract the leaves dried were detached and powdered through electrical grinder and the adult parasites were kept in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The process of extracting Artemisia absinthium and dilution in distilled water at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/ml and negative control group with PBS. Microscopic investigations of the eggs treated with Artemisia absinthium extract demonstrated restricted larval growth at doses of 2.4 mg/ml for 21 days but uninhibited development larvae in groups 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/ml. A significant difference (P?0.05) was found between the positive control groups (Albendazole) and the other Artemisia absinthium groups.

Biscuits are a global snack due to their convenience, variety, and durability. Biscuits with nutritious ingredients are in demand as customers become more health conscious. This change led to interest about utilizing agricultural by-products to enhance the nutritional value of widely consumed foods. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), a frequently cultivated tropical fruit, produces vital by-products during its processing, mainly comprising peels and kernels. The by-products, comprising around 35–60% of the mango fruit\'s weight, are high in bioactive compounds including dietary fiber, polyphenols, carotenoids, and essential fatty acids. Mango peels and kernels, even with their nutritional potential, frequently neglected, resulting in rising environmental waste. This study examines how mango peels and kernels can boost biscuits\' nutritional fiber and antioxidant content. Researchers synthesize mango by-product nutritional and functional benefits and extraction and processing technologies. The study also examines mango by-products\' sensory and economic effects on biscuits. High fiber and antioxidant content in mango peel powder improve digestion and reduce oxidative stress. With its beneficial fats and polyphenols, mango kernel powder adds nutrition. Health-conscious consumers may choose biscuits with 5–15% mango by-products since they retain or increase flavor, texture, and color. By-products from mangoes reduce food waste and promote a circular economy. Commercial application requires optimizing processing procedures, product quality consistency, and clinical trials to validate health claims. According to this analysis, mango by-products can enable creative and sustainable food production and meet customer demand for health-focused goods.

Golden snail is one of the main pests on rice plants. This pest is an invasive species that is difficult to control. This study aims to test the efficacy of molluscicide of Agave angustifolia, Cashew, and rambutan leaves against golden snails. Molluscicide of leaf powder is obtained by drying the leaves using a dehydrator and then powdered with a size of 100 mesh using an herb grinder. Molluscicide of leaf powder of Agave angustifolia and cashew with concentrations of 0.5 gr/L, 0.75 gr/L, 1.00 gr/L, and 1.25 gr/L caused 100% of gold snail mortality at 24 hours of exposure. Meanwhile, molluscicide of leaf powder of rambutan with concentrations of 0.5 gr/L, 0.75 gr/L, 1.00 gr/L and 1.25 gr/L caused 100% mortality at 36 hours of exposure. The results of probit analysis within 24 hours after exposure to molluscicide of leaf powder of Agave angustifolia had LC50:0.36 gr/L, LC90:0.46 gr/L, and cashew leaves had LC50:0.32 gr/L, LC90:0.42 gr/L, while rambutan leaves had LC50:0.69 gr/L, LC90:1.37 gr/L. Mortality caused by the molluscicide of leaf powder of agave angustifolia was significantly different from the molluscicide of leaf powder of rambutan. The mortality caused by the molluscicide of leaf powder of cashew is was significantly different from the molluscicide of leaf powder of rambutan. Mortality caused by molluscicide of leaf powder of Agave angustifolia is no significantly different from molluscicide of leaf powder of cashew. Molluscicide of leaf powder from agave angustifolia, cashew, and rambutan is effective as a molluscicide because it can cause high mortality in golden snails. Molluscicide of leaf powder of cashew is more effective than molluscicide of leaf powder of agave angustifolia and rambutan.

The benefits of the existence of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in coastal areas are still not felt by the local community, so their sustainability is also in doubt. There are internal and external factors such as the commitment of the government and other stakeholders and a more appropriate concept development strategy is needed to strengthen its effectiveness. The objectives of this research are 1) to measure the sustainability of BUMDes in empowering the economy of coastal communities, and 2) to formulate a strategy for developing the BUMDes concept in driving the economy of coastal communities. This research method uses a survey method which will take place in 2022-2023 in six Tapal Kuda districts, in East Java Province. Three sub-districts were taken from each sample district and one village was taken from each sample sub-district based on the health conditions of BUMDes using Cluster sampling. The sample for this research came from a population of 30 BUMDEs administrators, 60 village government officials, and 120 coastal community residents who were determined intentionally. To answer the first objective, analysis was used using the Corporate Sustainability approach using the Triple Bottom Line model approach, and to answer the second objective, analysis was used using the Interpretative Structural Modeling approach. The research results reveal that 1) in the economic dimension, the sustainability of BUMDes in the research area is sustainable, and 2) The most basic variable and has a real influence on the other nine variables in building a strategy for developing the BUMDes concept is efforts to minimize the vested interest of village heads and the impact of local politics. Therefore, each variable, either independently or collaboratively in forming the Reachability Set, Antecedent Set, Interceptions, and coordinates, affects the other variables. These phenomena include the variable of increasing capital participation in BUMDes from various sources which influences three other variables, namely the variable of awareness for village governments regarding the strategic importance of BUMDes in empowering the economy of coastal communities, the variable of optimizing and diversifying business units by local wisdom, and the variable of strengthening Statutes and bylaws (Village regulations) for BUMDes governance.

Tana Toraja, Indonesia, is renowned for its \"Toraja coffee,\" a highly sought-after specialty coffee. To meet the growing global demand, Toraja coffee production needs to increase. However, traditional gender roles often limit participation in coffee farm management. This research explores how integrating the roles of both men and women farmers can improve coffee production and farm management in Tana Toraja. A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Primary data sources are male and female farmers, and secondary data is supporting data from relevant agencies in Tana Toraja Regency, Indonesia. Data analysis techniques are used in the form of collection (observation, interviews, questionnaire filling), reduction (summarizing data), data presentation, and data verification (temporary conclusions). In the management of Arabica coffee, male farmers are involved 37.14 percent (less involved), female farmers 40.48 percent (less involved), the involvement of male and female farmers together, and alternately 77.62 percent (fully involved). The coffee rejuvenation program received a response of 45.00 percent (quite responsive) from male farmers; female farmers responded 46.66 (quite responsive), and the reaction of male and female farmers together and alternately was 91.67 percent (fully responsive). This research found that a gender-responsive approach, where both men and women farmers are fully involved in coffee farm management and rejuvenation programs, can significantly increase productivity and sustainability in Tana Toraja\'s smallholder coffee plantations. By integrating the roles of both genders, the research suggests that coffee farms can benefit from a wider range of skills, knowledge, and perspectives, ultimately leading to a more successful and sustainable coffee industry in Tana Toraja.

Transformation of the role of women farmers is changes in the role of women farmers after participating in an empowerment program through extension activities and skills training. This research examines the role transformation of farm women after participating in empowerment programs through extension activities and skills training. Using a mixed-method approach, the study combines a quantitative explanatory survey with qualitative descriptive analysis. Conducted in Lambusa Village and Pombulaa Jaya Village, Konda Sub-district, from January to June 2024, data were collected through observation, questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and official documents. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, while qualitative data underwent reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. Results indicate that agricultural extension and skills training significantly increase farm women\'s access to resources (regression coefficient: 2.679) and contribute to more equitable resource distribution. The study concludes that inclusive policies supporting gender equality effectively promote farm women\'s role transformation, strengthening their community position and improving resource access.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma sp. coating and Tithonia compost application on potato growth and production. The research was conducted in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency, from January 2023 to November 2023. This study was designed in a factorial design with two factors. The first factor was the coating, which consisted of no coating and with coating. The second factor was the dosage of Tithonia compost, which included 0 kg/plot, 3 kg/plot, 6 kg/plot, 9 kg/plot, and 12 kg/plot. Based on the research results, the interaction between Trichoderma sp. coating and Tithonia compost application had a significant effect on plant height, leaf number, tuber number, tuber weight, stomatal opening area, stomatal density, and chlorophyll content (a, b, and total). The effect of Tithonia compost dosage was significant on tuber diameter and tuber length. Additionally, the effect of Trichoderma sp. coating was significant on vitamin C content.\r\nKeywords: Coating, compost, potato, Trichoderma sp., tuber, Tithonia compost, Potato growth, Potato production, Coating effects, Factorial design, Plant height, Leaf number.\r\n

Since 1964, one of the livelihoods of the inhabitants of Soppeng Regency has been the cultivation of natural silk for the production of silk yarn products. Currently, the silk yarn production industry is dealing with challenges connected to the low quality of the yarn produced, which can only be utilized as weft yarn in creating silk garments. Soppeng Regency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, has a rich history of silk production, traditionally serving as a significant source of income for its residents. This natural silk industry has played a vital role in the region\'s economy in the Donri-Donri District area. This study investigates the factors influencing silk yarn quality in Soppeng Regency\'s traditional production system, aiming to revitalize the industry. Employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), we identified the two most critical leverage factors: silkworm seedling quality (weight: 0.303) and the silkworm rearing process (weight: 0.290). A SWOT analysis positioned the industry in a promising quadrant (I), indicating strengths outweigh weaknesses and opportunities exceed threats (strengths: 0.284, opportunities: 0.139). These findings suggest that improving silkworm seedling quality and rearing methods presents a significant opportunity to enhance yarn quality, potentially leading to increased production and profitability for Soppeng\'s silk producers. This study shows that improving the quality of silkworm seedlings and rearing methods can significantly enhance the silk industry in Soppeng Regency. This will result in higher quality yarn, increased production and sales, and greater profitability for silk producers. This will benefit the entire industry, creating a positive ripple effect for the local economy. Future research implies comparing the most suitable silkworm breed and the most appropriate rearing method to produce high-quality silk thread in Soppeng Regency.

In vitro protocol for the micropropagation has been developed and standardized in vitro propagation methods by culture cotyledons of seeds and embryonic callus induction, encapsulation somatic embryos of white olive cultivar was evaluated. Explants of (cotyledons) of white olive cultivar were subjected to disinfection treatments and used to produce somatic embryo and encapsulated somatic embryo to produce synthetic seeds. Stages of production synthetic seeds are: sterilization stage, callus induction, somatic embryos induction with Rugini media (RM) supplemented with different concentration of kinetin or glutamine or/1 2ip (Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone) or GA3 or zeatin and encapsulation somatic embryos with Na-alginate with different concentration and time. The results showed that cotyledons cultured on RM were the best part in vitro cultured for 6 weeks. The best Sterilization treatments of cotyledons were Clorox 15% for 10 min; HgCl2 at 0.2 and 0.3 % for 10 min, the highest embryonic calli percentage formed on Rugini Media (RM) with 30 gm sugar and 6mg/L 2,4-D or 15 g Sugar. in conclusion, The highest somatic Embryo formation with Rugini Media (RM) 4(+1mg/L 2iP. The suitable encapsulated somatic embryos with Na –Alginate 4% and solidified by 8% CaNO3 for 45 minutes with high transparency and solidity%. Synthetic seeds obtained from encapsulated somatic embryogenesis is a suitable method for micro propagation at any time and has the potential for use in the commercial propagation and useful in exchange of sterile material between laboratories, germplasm conservation of white olive cultivar.

Based on the correlation of PIT1 gene polymorphism with cattle fattening (especially local breeds), the aim of this study was to determine the correlation between PIT1 gene polymorphism and growth traits of crossbred cattle. Total 150 cattle from 3 crossbred (Brahman x Laisind, BRL), (Red Angus x Laisind, RAL) and (Blanc Bleu Belge x Laisind, BBL) were collected for ear tissue sampling for DNA extraction to determine the genotype of the PIT1 gene. The body weights at birth, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were recorded, and average daily gains were calculated accordingly. PCR-RFLP analysis was used to analyze PIT1 gene polymorphisms of individual animals. PCR reaction specifically amplified the PIT1 gene segment. The results of genotype/allele analysis of the PIT1 gene of BRL, RAL and BBL cattle showed that the PIT1 gene has two allele forms A and B corresponding to three genotypes AA, AB and BB appearing in all three cattle populations. The actual distribution frequencies of genotypes AA, AB and BB were consistent with the theoretical distribution frequencies according to the Hardy Weinberg Law. PIT1 gene polymorphism is related to body weight and absolute gain (ADG) of crossbred cattle combinations BRL, RAL and BBL. Body weight and average daily gain in BRL, RAL and BBL cattle tend to favor the BB genotype

The medicinal potential of Artemisia annua L., commonly known as sweet wormwood, has garnered significant attention due to its extraction of ART (Artemisinin ART drug) as a potent anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic properties. With the urgency to address the neglected issue of VL in Iraq and the limitations of conventional antileishmanial therapies, The current study included two aspects: the first aspect in vitro focuses on exploring alternative treatments. Through a comprehensive in vitro assessment, we prepared ART extracts in varying concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml) from Artemisia annua L And comparing its effect with pentostam (the traditional medicine used to treat leishmaniasis) at two different times: 24 and 48 hours. and examined their impact on the viability of visceral Leishmania parasite promastigote using the MTT assay, it turned out that the percentage of viability of the parasite in its promastigote stage decreased with increasing ART concentration, it also has an effect on parasite growth, as parasite growth decreases significantly with time and increasing concentration. The second aspects in vivo: investigation specifically focused on the effects of a 20 mg/ml concentration of ART drug on the livers of infected mice, revealing notable changes over a 21-day period. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the 20 mg/ml ART treatment, revealing distinct improvements in liver pathology over the course of treatment, emphasizing the promise of this alternative approach in combating VL.

This study presents a practical approach to enhancing microbial inoculum availability through the development of powdered inoculum for use in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production. The powdered inoculum is composed of a consortium of three microbes: Trichoderma reesei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zymomonas mobilis. Rice, corn, and soybean flour, supplemented with 5% (w/w) glucose, serve as carriers for the microbial consortium. The stability and viability of the powdered inoculum were evaluated using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The inoculum was applied to lignocellulosic material in the form of Dewaka banana pseudostem (DBP), which underwent pretreatment involving chemical-free pressure heating and drying. The powdered inoculum was applied to the lignocellulosic material for a 15-day fermentation period. Parameters monitored included optical density, reducing sugar levels, and bioethanol concentration. The results showed that microbial growth in the inoculum at the time of preparation was 1.26 × 10? CFU g?¹, and after four weeks of storage, it was 9.42 × 10? CFU g?¹. The bioethanol yield was 34.85 g g?¹ substrate on the third day of inoculation, with a bioethanol concentration of 12.25% achieved by the 12th day.

Pulse beetle caused severe damage to the pulses stored for food and seed purpose. This pest is can be Trolled by phosphine fumigation and synthetic insecticides but resistant and residual causes major problems. The experiment was conducted in a stored grain laboratory at ERI, Faisalabad. Twenty dhora beetles were released on three different pulses (chickpeas, kidney beans, and lentils) to evaluate the impact of offered diets on the developmental parameters of C. chinensis. The results represented that the offered cereals have a significant impact (p<0.05) on the tested developmental parameters with the shortest larval, pupal and adult longevity has been recorded in the case of chickpea cereal with a maximum percentage damage was 57.65% to these grains. In another experiment where insects were exposed to various temperatures i.e. -5 to 40ºC for 10, 30, 50 and 90 minutes and mortality was recorded. Maximum mortality was observed at an extreme temperature 40oC followed by -5oC while the mortality level declined as the temperature moved towed room temperature (25oC) so at 20oC minimum mortality was observed. The exposure time period also affects the percentage mortality of dhora beetle. Highest mortality was observed at the maximum exposure time period at all levels of the temperature while declined in mortality as exposure time decreased.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9, is a powerful tool for precise DNA editing. It works by targeting specific sequences in the genome using a guide RNA, and the Cas9 enzyme then cuts the DNA at the targeted location. This allows scientists to accurately insert, delete, or modify genetic material. Discovered in 1987 as an adaptive immune system in Escherichia coli, the term CRISPR was first coined in 2002 to describe similar structures found in other bacteria and archaea. In 2012, CRISPR was harnessed as a genome-editing tool, and by 2013, its applications in plants were realized. Since then, CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant genome editing, making the process simpler, more affordable, and more efficient than earlier methods like ZFNs and TALENs, which were both time-consuming and costly. This review provides an overview of the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in agriculture, highlighting how this genome-editing technique has transformed crop science. It explores the impact of CRISPR/Cas9 on improving crop traits, enhancing pest and disease resistance, increasing environmental stress tolerance, accelerating breeding programs, and boosting yield and quality.

Weed infestation is among the major constrains restricting the sesame (Sesame indicum L.) yield. The current study employed field trials conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Itay EL-Baroud, Behera Governorate, Egypt in 2021 and 2022, to examine the response of broad-leaved and grassy weeds to five pendimethalin-based herbicides at two formulations, concentrate suspension (CS) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and different recommended rates. The study comprised 6 treatments, including five various formulations pre-emergence herbicides namely, Stomp Extra 45.5% CS, Most 45.5% CS, X Closf 40% EC, Bendifex 30% EC and Garostob 50% EC. Additionally, hand weeding was performed twice at 21 and 35 days after sowing (DAS) compared with the unweeded control. for weed control biomass of broad-leaved and grassy weeds. The results revealed significantly no fresh biomass recorded for all broad-leaved weeds during the season 2021 with the application of Garostob 50 % EC in treated plots compared to other treatments. The positive influence of Garostob 50% EC on suppressing the fresh weight of broad-leaved weeds extended during the 2022 season. However, it failed to completely control Hyoscyamus muticus L., Hibiscus trionum L. and Solanum nigrum L. during the season 2022. Application of Bendifex 30% EC proved also significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the weed biomass (g m?2 ± SD) of S. nigrum (0.0 ± 0.0), Ammi majus L. (11.8 ± 0.7) and Euphorbia hirta Ait. (0.0 ± 0.0) when compared to other treatments. Application of Stomp Extra 45.5% CS did not show significant difference and showed equal efficacy to Garostob 50% EC in decreasing the weed biomass of Cyperus longus L., Echinochloa colonum L. and Polypogon monospeliensis L. over the cropping seasons 2021and 2022. Pendimethalin formulation herbicides significantly had a substantial influence on yield and yield characteristics, together with oil and protein contents (%) in both seasons 2021 and 2022. In this regard, Stomp Extra 45.5% CS resulted in the greatest grain yield/fed in the cropping seasons 2021and 2022 with values reached 765.5 and 698.3 kg, respectively. Application of Stomp Extra 45.5% CS resulted also in a significant increase in oil and protein percentages in season 2021 (53.4 and 25.9%) and in season 2022 (55.43 and 24.87%).

This study was carried out from February to May 2024 at the experimental farm of An Giang University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The experiment was conducted using a Latin square design on 4 male Saanen crossbred goat (25.2±1.06 kg). Treatments were maize and cassava chips (Ma.C); maize, cassava chips and urea (Ma.C.U); broken rice and cassava chips (BrR.C); broken rice, cassava chips and urea (BrR.C.U) in basal diet of premix, tofu waste, Operculina turpethum vines and fresh elephant grass ad libitum. than without. It was 7.68, 7.88, 8.43 and 8.80 MJ/goat/day corresponding to Ma.C, Ma.C.U, BrR.C and The result showed that dry matter intake per body weight (%) tended to increase (P>0.05) from Ma.C treatment to Ma.C.U, BrR.C and BrR.C.U treatments (2.67, 2.68, 2.79 and 2.85%, respectively). The ME consumption was higher (P>0.05) with urea BrR.C.U treatments. The dry matter digestibility (%) of BrR.C.U was higher (P<0.05) than Ma.C. treatment but it was not different (P>0.05) with BrR.C and Ma.C.U treatments (76.9, 71.1, 72.3 and 72.6%, respectively). The crude protein digestibility tended to be higher (P>0.05) with urea than without. In detail, It was 81.6, 78.2, 69.8 and 68.8% corresponding to Ma.C.U, BrR.C.U, Ma.C and BrR.C.U treatments. The nitrogen retention was lower (P>0.05) for the Ma.C treatment and higher in the BrR.C.U treatment (5.69 and 10.3 g/goat/day, respectively). The Ma.C and BrR.C treatments were not different (P>0.05) for nitrogen retention. Similarly, Ma.C.U and BrR.C.U were not different (P>0.05) for nitrogen retention. The daily weight gain was higher (P>0.05) with urea than without. In conclusion, the energy feed combination and without urea or urea that feed intake, nutrient value and nitrogen retention well from high to low were BrR.C.U, Ma.C.U, BrR.C and Ma.C treatments.

This study explores the role of human resource management in achieving business goals, focusing on the impact of compensation and work motivation on employee job satisfaction. Conducted at a Frozen Food Company processing chicken and fast food items, the research spanned November to December 2023 across Maros Regency, Makassar City, and Gowa Regency. A quantitative approach was used, with a sample of 40 employees selected through non-probability sampling. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. Results show that compensation significantly impacts job satisfaction (path coefficient 0.524, p-value 0.001) and work motivation also has a significant effect (path coefficient 0.344, p-value 0.026). These findings emphasize the importance of improving compensation and work motivation to enhance employee satisfaction. Companies should focus on these areas within their human resource management strategies. \r\nKeywords: Human resource management, compensation, work motivation, employee job satisfaction, frozen food industry, quantitative research, structural equation modeling (sem), smartpls 4.0.\r\n

Cocoa is one of the important plantation commodities that plays a significant role in Indonesia\'s economy. CV. Putra Mataram is an industry in Polewali Mandar, South Sulawesi, that processes cocoa into Macoa chocolate products. The challenges faced by the company in developing Macoa chocolate products include its less strategic geographic location, limited labor during production and marketing, inadequate production equipment for small businesses, insufficient funding for large stock procurement, numerous competitors for Macoa chocolate products, lack of continuous supply of fermented cocoa beans, rising raw material costs, and unpredictable weather. This study aims to analyze the priority strategies suitable for developing Macoa chocolate products at CV. Putra Mataram in Polewali Mandar. The research methods used were TOWS and QSPM analysis. The results showed that the appropriate strategy for the business development of Macoa chocolate products at CV. Putra Mataram, based on the IE matrix, falls into cell II, with weighted scores from internal and external factors (2.97 and 3.23), placing CV. Putra Mataram in the \"Hold and Maintain\" position. This strategy indicates that the marketing activities of Macoa chocolate products require a \"hold and maintain\" approach. Based on the TOWS analysis, nine alternative strategies were identified. The priority strategies for developing Macoa chocolate products at CV. Putra Mataram, based on QSPM analysis, include improving the quality of Macoa chocolate products and expanding partnerships in various cities/regions. The highest total attractiveness score (TAS) for the SO strategy was 6.26.

Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province has long been used as an implementation area for economic-based and national food programs. Since 1995, Soeharto\'s government has achieved rice self-sufficiency with the One Million Hectare Land Project (PLG). Then in 2010 during the administration of Yudhoyono’s government became the target of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus (REDD+) program. The failure of two major projects in this area did not eliminate the appeal of this area, so in 2020/2021, Widodo’s government became the target for food estate development. These three mega projects are very clearly filled with the tug-of-war of national and international interests in this area. The purpose of this study was to determine the cultural mechanisms of local communities in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan, responding to the food-based development program by the government. The method of this research was The type of research is PRA (participatory rural appraisal). This research was conducted in the villages implementing the 2021 and 2022 food estate programs Belanti Siam and Pantik Village. The data collection techniques were carried out in this research in three ways as follows (1) Literature studies, comprehensive reading of relevant documents and archives at the district level and village level in Pulang Pisau Regency, have been carried out from the proposal until the final report is prepared. (2) Participatory observation or direct fieldwork in 2 villages: Belati Siam and Pantik, Pulang Pisau Regency, was carried out on February 27 and March 14, 2024. (3) Focus group discussions (FGD) with 40 farmers and village officials with 3 researchers and a deep interview of key informants handled with 8 enumerators on March 22-23, 2024. The result of this research was in the implementation of the food estate program, there are challenges in communication and coordination and farmer involvement in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of government food programs. Conclusion and suggestion to realize sustainable food security, requires commitment from the Central and Regional Governments, concrete support from local communities in Pulang Pisau, such as Petan, synergy of local cultural mechanisms in determining regional policies and incentives related to food programs, and adaptation based on local wisdom

The supply chain of agricultural products is the entire production process from cultivation, processing, distribution, and marketing, to the products produced to the hands of consumers. The supply chain consists of various stakeholders who are involved either directly or indirectly. Thus, the supply chain is an integrated marketing unit that includes the integration of stakeholders and products to provide satisfaction to customers. Pinrang Regency is one of the largest rice-producing districts in South Sulawesi. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of the inter-island rice supply chain in rice mills in Pinrang Regency, analyze the relationship pattern in the inter-island rice supply chain in Pinrang Regency, analyze the influence of inter-island traders on the rice market in Pinrang Regency, the analysis used is descriptive analysis, panel data regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the structure of the rice supply chain in the mill starts from farmers who supply grain to the mill, then the mill sells rice to inter-island traders, then the mill sells to wholesalers and retailers then finally the mill sells rice to direct consumers. The rice supply chain in each mill has 3 flows, namely product flow, financial flow and information flow. The pattern of relationships in the inter-island rice supply chain, namely the raw material supply channel (grain), the rice product distribution channel (milling), and the inter-island channel cooperate in completing a purchase transaction and the pattern of relationships in the supply chain uses a general trading partnership pattern. The results of the study using the Common Effect Model (CEM) show that the variable amount of production has a positive and significant effect on the volume of inter-island shipments. The destination price variable has a positive and significant effect on the volume of inter-island rice shipments. Then the variable Shipping cost has a positive and significant effect on the volume of inter-island rice shipments.

CV. Podomoro Makassar is an industry based in Makassar, South Sulawesi, specializing in processing sago into sago flour products. The company has not been able to significantly increase the sales of its sago flour due to several challenges. The main issue faced by the company is experiencing fluctuations in sales and difficulties in expanding its business to improve sales through its marketing strategy. This study aims to analyze appropriate alternative strategies and prioritize them for marketing the \"Sago One\" (sago flour) product at CV. Podomoro Makassar. This study used SWOT analysis and QSPM. The study shows that the appropriate marketing strategies for the \"Sago One\" (sago flour) product at CV. Podomoro Makassar are derived from the IE Matrix, aligning with Cell I with weighted scores from the Internal Factors Analysis Summary (IFAS) and External Factors Analysis Summary (EFAS) matrices, scoring 3.16 and 3.17, respectively. This positions CV. Podomoro Makassar in the Grow and Build quadrant, generating 4 alternative strategies. SO Strategies: Improving the quality of marketed sago flour, expanding partnerships with businesses in the pastry and meatball stalls industries that use \"Sago One\" flour as a blend in their products, and increasing sago flour production capacity for sale. WO Strategies: Increasing promotional activities and maximizing the use of information technology for product marketing, utilizing government training for sago flour product development. ST Strategies: Establishing strong collaborations with suppliers for sustainable business development, processing sago flour as a raw material into processed products. WT Strategies: Providing training/support for sago farmers to enhance the quality of produced sago, and increase consumer awareness of the health benefits of sago flour (gluten-free, easy to digest). The prioritized strategy is derived from the SO alternatives, with a Total Attractiveness Score (TAS) of 5.17. These SO strategies can be implemented concurrently, mutually reinforcing each other, to support CV. Podomoro Makassar in marketing the \"Sago One\" product effectively. The three strategies can be implemented simultaneously as they support one another to assist CV. Podomoro Makassar in marketing the \"Sago One\" product.

Palm oil is Indonesia\'s leading plantation commodity with processed cooking oil products. The high price of cooking oil in recent years has made the government issue cooking oil products under the brand “Minyakita”. The fluctuating sales of Minyakita make it necessary to pay attention to the basic aspects of consumer consideration of choosing products using marketing mix managerial tools. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of marketing mix on purchase interest and decisions, analyze the effect of purchase interest on purchasing decisions, and analyze the indirect effect of marketing mix on purchasing decisions through purchase interest. The sampling technique is probability sampling with a total of 97 samples. Data collection through direct interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis used is path analysis. According to the findings of this study in model I, product, price and promotion have a significant effect on purchase interest while place has no significant effect on purchase interest. Then in model II, product, price and purchase interest have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions while place and promotion have no significant effect on purchasing decisions. Indirect effect shows that purchase interest is able to mediate products, prices, and promotions on purchasing decisions. The findings of this study expand knowledge with empirical evidence clarifying the significant influence of the marketing mix on consumer decisions through purchase interest. It is recommended for producers to further improve product quality and maintain prices. For the government, it can provide support to expand market access.

Cocoa is one of the leading sector commodities in Polewali Mandar Regency and can contribute to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Luyo Sub-district consistently contributes to cocoa production in this Regency. However, this consistency is not accompanied by cocoa farmers\' income, which is still classified as very low; one of the causes is suspected to be price differences in each marketing channel. This causes farmers to have considerations in determining marketing institutions or choosing marketing channels. The purpose of this study is to analyze the decision-making patterns of farmers when choosing marketing channels and the factors that influence cocoa farmers\' decisions when choosing marketing channels. The descriptive analysis method is used to determine the pattern of farmers\' decision-making, while the binary logistic regression analysis method is used to determine the factors that influence farmers\' decision-making in choosing marketing channels. The results showed that the role of the wife dominates farmers\' decision-making patterns in choosing marketing channels. Meanwhile, factors that significantly influence cocoa farmers\' decision-making in choosing marketing channels are age, number of family members, total production, farmer group membership, other sources of income, frequency of attending extension activities, and capital attachment to marketing institutions.

Profitability assessment in agricultural financial institutions is sometimes less noticed by scientists, resulting in limited theoretical and empirical evidence in explaining the performance of financial institutions that focus on financing agricultural and agribusiness development. Meanwhile, the farm sector in several countries contributes significantly to creating macroeconomic growth. This study aims to present empirical evidence on the role of good corporate governance on the profitability of agricultural financing institutions and present important points in formulating a roadmap for future research that is useful in developing new theories. This study uses a systematic literature review approach from current journals. The journal search used the question keywords \"Corporate Governance, Financial Performance, Agriculture\", so 25 main journals were obtained that were indexed in international databases, and supported by 39 other journals to help explain the research findings. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that research on corporate governance and financial performance in agricultural development was conducted in the period 2017-2024, with the largest number in 2021. The majority of researchers concluded that good corporate governance has been shown to have a positive impact on financial performance and profitability. This means that the development and sustainability of agricultural sector businesses must begin with strengthening corporate governance. The analysis results also found that the assessment of corporate governance and profitability against the macro economy has not been carried out, so the explanation and empirical evidence in agricultural development are very limited. Suppose there is a finding that GCG significantly impacts profitability, and another finding gives an insignificant negative effect. This agenda is certainly a roadmap for the future to conduct a more in-depth study, it will be very strong to analyze together the role of good corporate governance, macro economy, financial literacy, and profitability. The practical implication is that to improve financial performance in agricultural sector companies, GCG must be enhanced by determining the ideal proportion of management composition (board of directors and audit committee) and mitigating early on the potential for conflicts of interest or tensions between managers.

Agriculture and fisheries are critical sectors for national development, yet some researchers argue that these sectors are closely tied to clientelism and electoral practices, including vote buying. This study seeks to provide both theoretical and empirical evidence on whether clientelism and electoral politics can be considered political commodities, particularly within the context of farming and fishing communities. The study examines the relationship between clientelism, electoral outcomes, and regional economic conditions, especially regarding poverty and local economies. Utilizing a systematic literature review of 30 accredited and reputable international journals, the research finds that clientelism continues to be prevalent in both developed and developing countries, particularly in regions with significant economic and welfare disparities. The journal criteria are: a) Literature is only in the form of international journals; b) Reputable international journals indexed by Scopus; and indexed in international databases such as Copernicus and others; and c) Current scientific journals published between 2014-2024. These disparities create fertile ground for clientelist practices, as they are used strategically by political actors to win elections. Empirical evidence from regional elections suggests that while clientelism may influence electability, its connection to economic improvement and the effectiveness of welfare programs remains weak. To mitigate the ongoing influence of clientelism in electoral politics, this study recommends several practical interventions: the regeneration of political candidates (patrons) from political parties, aligning campaign promises with the actual needs of communities, innovating electoral socialization strategies, presenting trustworthy and competent political figures, and fostering collective awareness at the community level about the importance of informed voting and social movements in elections. These measures aim to reduce the persistence of clientelism and promote more transparent and effective electoral practices.

The goal of this study is to examine potential development strategies for herbal plant agrotourism in Seberaya Village, Karo Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The population includes managers, farmer groups, communities, and government stakeholders, with a sample of 80 people selected by purposive sampling. We collected data through observation, focus group discussions (FGD), interviews, and questionnaires. Data analysis used the SWOT, IFAS, and EFAS analysis methods. The development of herbal plant agrotourism involves several key programs, such as environmental conservation, enhancing aesthetic value and natural beauty, and boosting recreational value. This program also aims to establish agrotourism as a hub for scientific activities and generate economic benefits for the community and region. The SWOT analysis reveals that this agrotourism falls into quadrant I (SO strategy), characterized by average internal factors and moderate external factors. The regional tourism development plan has the potential to incorporate this agrotourism as a new attraction. The QSP matrix results indicate that focusing on herbal plant cultivation and transparently managing agrotourism with community and farmer groups is the best strategy. The proposed cooperation model is participatory management, where the government acts as a motivator and facilitator, the private sector manages and develops agrotourism, and farmers and communities are involved in cultivation and tourism. Fostered farmer groups will train and assist farmers to ensure effective management. We propose a participatory management model for the development of herbal agrotourism in Seberaya Village, which involves farmers and the community in the development process and the formation of farmer groups. Each stakeholder will play a specific role in the development of this agrotourism.

This study aims to address the problem of the deterioration of territorial resources in light of the spatial dynamics in the Rif Mountains and the resulting constraints that hinder the path of sustainable development, which are mainly linked to natural factors and the accelerating rate of deterioration of land resources, and to human factors such as the intensive exploitation of a narrow and limited area and the increasing reverse migration towards the studied area.Through which we have achieved several results, namely: The study area has various human and natural resources as well as a very important strategic location. Valuing these resources will contribute to achieving sustainable development and revitalizing the local economy. However, these vulnerable resources are subject to intensive exploitation due to their vulnerability and they are not mobilized and valued adequately, which has negative repercussions on the economic and social situation of the population. Added to this is the traditional and irrational exploitation of territorial resources, which leads to an acceleration in the pace of environmental deterioration, such as the uprooting of forests and the spread of kif cultivation. So, what are the territorial resources available in the study area? and to what extent are they capable of achieving sustainable development?\r\nKeywords: Territorial resources - kif culture - Abdelghaya Souahel commune - territorial development\r\n