Volume 12 (2024), Issue 3

This study assessed the current management of rice straw in Yen Thanh District, Nghe An Province, and propose solutions for sustainable agricultural development. A survey was conducted with 120 households in four communes to determine straw use and management practices. The findings revealed six common methods of using and managing rice straw in Yen Thanh District: open burning, burying, mushroom plantation, using it for husbandry feeding, selling, and giving it to others. These practices vary based on the crop season. Open burning is the most prevalent practice, accounting for 98.15% and 89.52% during the winter-spring and summer-autumn harvests, respectively. A crucial step in establishing a pollution control and management database is a comprehensive inventory of emissions. Consequently, authorities and environmental scientists are currently focusing on the emission inventory, particularly emissions resulting from open-burning rice straws. The estimated total amount of rice straw produced annually is 159,732 tons, with 151,384 tons being directly burned in the fields. This burning releases significant emissions, including 1,005.18 tons of PM2.5, 1,102.08 tons of PM10, 21.80 tons of SO2, 142,543.18 tons of CO2, and more, negatively impacting the environment, human health, and agriculture. Additionally, it was observed that most farmers are inclined to continue burning rice straw out of habit in the upcoming years. The study suggests promoting alternative straw management practices such as mushroom cultivation, biochar production, and organic fertilizer production to reduce burning and its associated negative consequences. This information would be invaluable for managers to effectively plan for the future management of rice straw

The combined use of endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (ENFB) and organic manures is a trend in sustainable agricultural production. To investigate the effect of Enterobacter asburiae (E asburiae) and vermicompost (VCT) on farmland nutrients, yield, quality, and reduce arsenic uptake of peanuts. Three factors, which were: (i) E asburiae (inoculum and no inoculum); (ii) irrigation water (River and underground water); (iii) VCT (0.00 and 10.0 t ha-1), were designed by eight treatments (Trt) and four replications. E asburiae inoculation combined with 10 t VCT ha-1 application and river water (RW) irrigation that both raised soil nutrient properties and traits of peanut agronomy and yield traits, raised significantly fresh seed yield and reduced arsenic (As) absorption of peanut stems and seeds. fresh seed yield of peanut in treatments of E asburiae inoculation, RW irrigation and 10.0 t VCT ha-1, which were higher than non E asburiae inoculation, deep well water (DWW) irrigation and no VCT application, were 24.3, 26.9 and 15.4%, respectively. The peanut As contents in Trt of E asburiae inoculation, RWI and 10.0 t VCT ha-1 were lower than 7.78, 45.3 and 1.92% in stems and 13.2, 78.3 and 9.82% in seeds, respectively, compared to non-E asburiae inoculation, DWW irrigation and no VCT application. E asburiae was found out one potential species to promote soil nutrients, the peanut growth, yield, quality and As resistance, which will be used like biological fertilizers in the future.

Efforts to enhance maize productivity in regions like Madura Island, Indonesia, plagued by low yields due to drought stress, necessitate the development of resilient and high-yielding maize hybrids. Employing the line x tester method represents a promising approach to breed varieties tolerant to drought stress. This study aims to identify drought-tolerant maize hybrids derived from line x tester crosses. The research utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 40 genotypes replicated three times, totaling 120 experimental units. Drought stress was imposed following the CIMMYT method, wherein irrigation was provided at field capacity from 0 to 40 days after planting (DAP) at 10-day intervals, while drought stress commenced from 50 DAP until harvest. Under optimal conditions, irrigation occurred every 10 days until 80 DAP. Key observation parameters included plant height, days to 50% tasselling, harvest age, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, kernel weight per plant, 1000-kernel weight, and production per hectare. Results indicated several adaptive hybrid maize genotypes for both normal and drought conditions, as discerned by the Stress Tolerance Index (STI), including G2, G12, G13, G14, and G15. Moreover, hybrids G2, G18, G19, G21, and G24 exhibited notable drought tolerance based on the Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI). These findings underscore the potential of employing the line x tester method in breeding resilient maize hybrids tailored to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought stress, thereby fostering agricultural sustainability in resource-constrained environments like Madura Island

Sago, the other source of sugar production need to be pursued in Indonesia, as Indonesia is highly dependent on sugar cane. This study aimed to analyze the production of liquid sugar based on sago by enzymatic method. The characteristics of liquid sugar made from sago has met with the standard provisions of Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-2978992) except for the parameter of color. However, the color of sago liquid sugar is acceptable to consumers and market. The liquid sugar produced from sago could reach 0.6 to 0.8 liters per kg. If the sago is obtained from around 50,000 hectares of sago plantations and converted into liquid sugar, then around 600,000 kiloliters of sugar will be produced, or equivalent to 27% of the total national sugar production. The feasibility study showed that the sago liquid sugar business was profitable, which might be seen from the BCR value of 1.16, NPV Rp 58,754,955.64, PBP of 2 years 11 months, and IRR of 34.73%. Even though sago has a great potential, but the development still faces various problems such as unproper sago cultivation, difficulty to access sago land, limited mastery of farmer technology, and unestablished farmer institutions.

Various reports state that investment in the ASEAN region has a good future, especially investment in the agricultural sector in general. One of the important instruments in investment is the permits obtained, which are widely reported to influence good governance and the level of public trust in licensing actors. The research aims to reveal the effects of implementing easy permits, and public trust in good governance, by taking cases as the latest research in agricultural-based areas. The research uses a quantitative paradigm, taking cases in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The sample size of 100 people was determined purposively. An important finding that is a scientific contribution is the proof that ease of business licensing can create public trust, and good governance, as well as the public trust that is formed can improve good governance, especially in areas that generally operate in the agricultural sector. The practical consequence is that every government, to absorb investment activities in the future, must strengthen good governance created through ease of doing business and creating public trust.

The Kratom plant, a valuable forest species with medicinal potential, thrives in the Riparian area of Empangau Village, Kapuas Hulu District. This study explores the correlation between Kratom cultivation land distance from the river and alkaloid content. Employing a survey method, the research focuses on two locations: one situated 20-50 meters from the river (location 1) and another 580-650 meters away (location 2). Utilizing a quantitative approach and gravimetric methods, the study analyzes alkaloid content in Kratom extracts. The study reveals significant influences on pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, and alkaloid compounds, contingent on the distance from the riparian area. Location 2 exhibits superior attributes, boasting a plant height of 6.02 m, stem diameter of 8,532 m2, 30 primary branches, leaf area of 262,576, and a total alkaloid content of 15,491%, surpassing location 1 with an average plant height of 5.66 m, stem diameter of 8,286 m2, 26.6 primary branches, and leaf area of 257,586. Variations in environmental conditions, vegetation, temperature, humidity, and nutrient availability contribute to these differences in alkaloid growth and quality, highlighting the potential for optimized Kratom cultivation in specific Riparian areas.

Climate variability poses a significant challenge for smallholder farmers globally, including those in Southeast Nigeria. The purpose of this study is to explore farmers’ perceptions of the impact of climate variability and agroforestry practices available in the region. Specifically, the study evaluates the availability of agroforestry practices for adoption by farmers and the extent of climate variability effects on agricultural activities in Southeast Nigeria. The study employed primary data, which were collected from 350 registered farmers in the study region using a validated and well-structured questionnaire. The study employed a structured questionnaire to gather data on the availability of agroforestry practices among farmers in Southeast Nigeria as well as utilized a seven-item scale to assess the perceived impacts of climate variability on agricultural activities in Southeast Nigeria. Findings revealed that home gardening emerged as the most prevalent agroforestry practice among respondents, while multipurpose wood lots were the least common. The mean ratings for all thirteen agroforestry practices were below the critical threshold of 3.00, indicating a lack of widespread availability. Thus, there is a limited adoption of these practices among farmers in the region. Irregular rainfall and rising temperatures were identified as the most significant climate variability impacts on farming operations. However, extreme events like storms, hailstorms, and thunderstorms had the least impact according to respondents, indicating that farmers perceive these impacts as significant and pressing concerns. The study concludes that there is a high level of climate variability impacts on agricultural practices in Southeast Nigeria, coupled with a low availability of agroforestry practices for farmers to mitigate these impacts. The study suggests enhancing agricultural extension services, developing tailored extension programs, advocating for governmental support and investment, providing technical support and capacity-building assistance to farmers, investing in research and innovation, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders to promote the adoption of agroforestry practices as a climate-resilient agricultural approach.

Unemployment remains a pressing issue in Nigeria, with a significant portion of its population unable to secure sustainable employment opportunities. In recent years, agricultural programmes have emerged as potential solutions to address the challenges of unemployment. This study explores the effectiveness of agricultural programmes in reducing unemployment rate in Nigeria. The agricultural sector in Nigeria holds immense potential for job creation, considering the country’s vast arable land, favourable climate, and agricultural resources. However, the sector has been underutilized and faced numerous challenges, leading to high unemployment rates. Agricultural programmes have garnered attention as they aim to revitalize the sector, promote sustainable farming practices, and create employment opportunities for the burgeoning youth population. Consequently, the paper examines the impact of key agricultural programmes such as the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS), Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS), Nigerian Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL), and FADAMA, introduced by successive Nigerian governments at various times in reducing the unemployment rate in the country. Some of these programme though new, are just a transmutation from older ones, with the operations remaining the same. These programmes have demonstrated positive impacts in several ways according to statistics; contributing to the diversification of the economy of Nigeria and reducing the country’s heavy reliance on oil revenue. The question is, how effective have these programmes been in reducing the unemployment rate? Therefore, the paper’s main objective was to analyse how successful these programmes have been in checking the problem. The study uses the Logit model to investigate the effectiveness of these key Agricultural programmes in curbing the unemployment rate in the country. Data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) were used in the analysis. The results reveal that, of the four prominent programmes introduced by the government based on participants employed, the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS) had the likelihood or greater probability at reducing the unemployment rate in the country. The study, consequently, concludes that, subsequent programmes should be designed according to the operations and modus operandi of CACS and that other programmes should either be upgraded to CACS module or be scrapped since their impact on reducing unemployment is not felt.

Gaining insights into prevailing land management practices and discerning the factors influencing their adoption is important since it can help pinpoint areas that require enhancement and help formulate targeted strategies to optimize existing agriculture support services in the province. This paper aims to identify the determinants that can influence the implementation of different land management practices among the farmers in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the socio-demographic and farm characteristics of the farmers, while a logistic regression model was used to determine correlations between these characteristics and the adoption of different management practices. Results of the analysis indicate that farmer’s age, monthly income, family size, farm ownership, farm size, farm age, education, and association membership can influence the implementation of different practices in various ways. Since farm age (p=0.03) and organization membership (p=0.01) emerged as significant influencing factors, it is recommended to strengthen and support these organizations so more new farm owners can be engaged to participate in land conservation efforts within Misamis Occidental watershed

The global cultivation and considerable demand for citrus fruits has given them a prominent place among fruit crops. With them being known for their virtues, health benefits, and characteristic aroma and taste, grapefruits have been accepted as an important food in our diets. Indeed, they play a key role in providing the nutrients to support good health. In this context, we sought to identify the nutritional characteristics of two varieties of grapefruit (citrus paradisi), namely yellow and red. We therefore investigated the water, protein, fiber, total sugar, and fat contents in the zest and pulp of these two species based on international food standards. We also quantified the various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids through gas chromatography. Our results revealed an interesting richness in these grapefruit varieties in terms of factors like total sugar, proteins, and fat, particularly in the peel, as well as a high-water content and energy value. Several fatty acids were also identified, mainly palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, which are highly sought after for their therapeutic benefits. This nutrient density highlights the value of these fruits and demonstrates that promoting its consumption can help improve human health and quality of life. This assortment of nutrients found in our samples, as well as the abundance of phenolic compounds already noted in other research studies, highlight this fruit and show the importance of its various parts - peel and pulp - in improving quality of life and human mental and physical health.

The welfare and poverty of farmers are still being discussed by researchers regarding economic growth, the role of the agricultural, fisheries, and forestry sectors, as well as other factors. This research aims to analyze the achievements of economic growth, the role of the agricultural, fisheries, and forestry sectors in the economy, as well as the influence of income inequality, labor absorption, and infrastructure factors on welfare. This research was conducted in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach to test the relationship between variables based on secondary data during the 2013-2022 period. Data were analyzed using panel data regression. The results of the analysis show that the economic growth of Southeast Sulawesi Province in the last ten years has been less than encouraging, the same thing also happened in important sectors contributing to GRDP, namely the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sectors. Furthermore, economic growth, economic inequality, employment, and infrastructure are proven to be able to have a direct influence in creating social welfare, but on the other hand, the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sectors have a negative influence. The factor that plays the most role in determining social welfare is income inequality. Then successively followed by infrastructure, employment, and finally economic growth.

The Bajo or Bajau tribe is a tribe that lives and survives in the sea. In some countries, the Bajau tribe is known as Sama or Samal. The Bajo tribe is more widely spread in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, and Malaysia. Bajau as a maritime community certainly have hereditary habits relating to their lives in utilizing marine and coastal natural resources. On this basis, this research aims to determine the form of local wisdom of the Bajau tribe in utilizing marine and coastal natural resources, and second, to know the efforts made by the Bajau tribe to maintain local wisdom so that it remains sustainable now and in the future. This research was conducted using a post-positivism (qualitative) paradigm. The research location chosen was the Bajau tribe who inhabit the Spelman waters, precisely along the coast of the Tiworo Strait in Muna Regency, West Muna Regency, and Central Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The research involved around 17 people who were determined purposively, namely Tribal Heads. Research data comes from primary and secondary sources. Primary data resulting from in-depth interviews were then analyzed descriptively. It was found that the local wisdom of the Bajau tribe in preserving marine and coastal natural resources is sangal and pamali. The current efforts of the Bajau tribe to preserve local wisdom so that it remains intact is by upholding the advice of their ancestors and maintaining a figure (Tribal Chief) as the trustee of the source of ancestral knowledge. Therefore, the agenda for the future is the wisdom of the Bajau people which has been proven to protect the sea so that it can be replicated in other coastal communities. Regarding replication and conceptual models is a challenging discussion for future research

This study aimed to investigate the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) in vermicomposts produced from mixtures of cabbage, beans, and tea remnants combined with cardboard at a 1:1 ratio, totaling 2 kilograms, using two different types of worms: Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida. The results indicated that vermicompost produced by Eisenia fetida exhibited a significant decrease in C/N ratio by 18.60, whereas that produced by Lumbricus terrestris had a C/N ratio of 20.723. Regarding interactions, the highest initial C/N ratio among cabbage remnants, irrespective of worm type, was 25.000, whereas the lowest ratio after processing was 1.936 for tea remnants, showing significant differences. Across all remnants, there was a consistent decrease in C/N ratio post-processing, with cabbage remnants exhibiting the highest initial ratio of 25.00 before earthworm addition and tea remnants showing the lowest ratio of 8.530 after earthworm processing, indicating significant variation.

Developing a broiler farming business using a partnership system is an alternative to help farmers in running their business. Some of the risks faced by breeders are the increasing prices of animal feed and broiler chicken seeds (DOC) as well as market access so that breeders are motivated to carry out business collaborations through a partnership system. The development of a broiler chicken farming business cannot be separated from the entrepreneurial behavior of farmers. One of the entrepreneurial behaviors that farmers must have is the entrepreneurial competence needed to run a livestock business. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial ability, farmer motivation, and the partnership system on the growth of broiler farming businesses in Barru Regency. This research was conducted in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province using a survey approach and using a questionnaire. The type of research used is explanatory research. The results of the research show that entrepreneurial ability, farmer motivation and the broiler partnership system have a real influence on the growth of broiler farming businesses both jointly and individually and motivational variables dominate breeders in determining the growth of broiler breeder businesses in Barru Regency. The partnership is intended for farmers to provide convenience in running their livestock business, thereby increasing motivation to develop their business.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of level pH and the growth phases of Coelastrella saipanensis on Chlorophyll a,b, total, and Carotene. The algae were cultured in BG11 media and grown at different pH levels. We measured chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, growth phases, and carotene concentrations. The results showed that at pH 8.5, the measurements of photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and the total chlorophyll (0.183, 0.268, and 0.433 mg L-1, respectively). The highest values of chlorophyll a (0.185 mg L-1), and b (0.339 mg L-1), and the total chlorophyll (0.492 mg L-1) were recorded in the stationary phase. In addition, the study found that at pH 8.5 and the beginning of the stationary phase, the highest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll were 0.216, 0.398, and 0.603 mg L-1, respectively, in correlation with pH-cell harvesting phase interaction. Similarly, carotene concentrations were increased as photosynthetic pigments and recorded the highest values (2.533 mg L-1) at pH 8.5, and 3.275 mg L-1 at the stationary phase. Therefore, the algal C. saipanensis is a vital source of carotene to support nutrition and health It is used as an antioxidant

Sugarcane, a commercial crop, is the second-largest agro-based industry in India, producing nearly 25% of global production. India is the second-largest country producing sugarcane after Brazil, and its production is crucial to the country\'s economy. Sugarcane cultivation in India is divided into tropical and sub-tropical regions, with the sub-tropical region contributing 47% of the country\'s production. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer, providing employment opportunities. However, input prices increase, and farmers face challenges such as inadequate quantity and delayed payment from sugar mills. Thus, this study aims to study the economics of sugarcane production in the study area. The study uses secondary sources of data from various sources, including the District Statistical Handbook, Census of India, and various journals. It uses percentage methods and pictorial diagrams to show trends in sugarcane cultivation. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) method is used to measure sugarcane production growth from 2002-03 to 2021-22. The study reveals fluctuations in sugarcane production, area, and productivity in the Meerut district over the last 20 years. However, the area under sugarcane shows an increasing trend, with little change in the state and Meerut. Sugarcane is a crucial cash crop and politically sensitive, so small steps in favour of farmers lead to larger changes in cropping patterns. The cost of cultivation and harvesting has increased alarmingly due to labour shortages and unpredictable monsoons. The government can play a vital role by providing weather forecasting and strong policies for crop procurement to stabilize production and price.

This study, conducted at the Lath House of Agriculture College, Al-Qasim Green University during the 2021-2022 growth season, aimed to evaluate the effects of KHARZA nanoparticles (NPs) and organic fertilizer (Nutirgreen) on sour orange seedlings. Different concentrations of KHARZA NPs (0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1) and organic fertilizer (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 ml L-1) were applied. The experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors, each having four treatments, and each treatment replicated thrice. Our findings reveal that spraying KHARZA NPs at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 significantly enhanced various vegetative parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf area, alongside improvements in chemical properties such as mineral concentration, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate levels in leaves. Similarly, applying organic fertilizer at a rate of 4.5 ml L-1 led to notable enhancements in both vegetative and chemical characteristics compared to the control group. Notably, combined application of KHARZA NPs at 3 g L-1 and organic fertilizer at 4.5 ml L-1 resulted in synergistic effects, yielding the most favorable outcomes in terms of vegetative growth and chemical properties. These results underscore the potential of utilizing KHARZA nanoparticles and organic fertilizers in enhancing the growth and physiological properties of sour orange seedlings, offering promising avenues for sustainable agricultural practices

Given the problem of incomplete wounds affecting the skin, which leads to tearing and damage to its parts in accidents, investigation and discovery of effective medicines for wounds affecting the skin has become an important aim. Therefore, it is necessary to continue studying and experimenting with new and effective medicines, including effective substances and the discovery of effective nanomaterials. To reach efficient treatments to treat such injuries. In this study, Nano-Quercetine was prepared by grinding. This material was examined by (FTIR), (XRD) and then (FE-SEM) was used, and the results obtained were on the nanoscale with sizes ranging between (13.40-44.66 nanometers). The effectiveness and effect of the materials prepared from nanoparticles and Mirabilis Jalapa plant were studied in the living body and at different concentrations (10, 50, 100) mg on wounds in the skin of laboratory mice. The results of the study showed the effectiveness and speed of healing of wounds that affect the skin of laboratory mice using a Nano-Quercetine preparation supported by Mirabilis Jalapa plant extract. The result of wound healing was significant (p<0.05) on the eighth day of the experiment, as the average and standard deviation of healing were (1.66±0.577) for the concentration of 10 mg, (0.00±0.000) for the concentration of 50 mg, (0.00±0.000) for the concentration of 100 mg, compared to the second day of the experiment, which was (28.00± 0.005, 26.96± 0.398, 25.07±0.887) for concentrations 10 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg, respectively. The results of the study showed effective activity and rapid healing of wounds affecting the skin of laboratory mice using the nano-complex of the alcoholic extract of the Mirabilis Jalapa plant fortified with quercetin. It is one of the medicinal plants that have great therapeutic value and are important vital sources. When the active substances are loaded onto the surfaces of Nano-Quercetine, it leads to their reaching the target, as plant materials are natural compounds that have enormous potential as antioxidants and are of great importance in providing health benefits against many diseases. Each part of the plant has its medicinal properties that possess different types of secondary metabolites that play an important role in treating different types of diseases, including wounds that affect humans and animals.

This research delves into the ramifications of oil palm expansion on the forest stewardship methods of the Dayak Benawan community in Cowet Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It particularly sheds light on the adaptive strategies of indigenous women in response to diminishing forestlands. By intersecting traditional wisdom with evolving environmental realities and economic challenges, this study offers a comprehensive perspective. Employing ethnographic methodology, the research involved conducting interviews with Dayak Benawan women, providing rich, qualitative insights.Our findings unveil a profound shift in both livelihoods and cultural practices as a direct consequence of oil palm plantation encroachment. Notably, the study quantifies the impact, revealing an 18% loss of forest area in the Sanggau Regency attributable to oil palm plantation expansion. This expansion exerts a discernible negative influence, compelling the Dayak Benawan community to undergo significant livelihood transformations. This study not only highlights the environmental and socio-cultural costs of agricultural industrialization but also stresses the resilience and adaptability of indigenous communities in the face of ecological disruption

Among various agronomic practices, the balanced use of fertilizers is important to get maximum economic yields. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the economically optimum nutrient requirement for producing higher yields of non-Basmati varieties of rice. To achieve these objectives, experiments were conducted at 14 sites at farmers’ fields from 2016 to 2020. The levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potash (K) were N (0, 87,174, 261), P2O5 (0, 52, 104, 156) and K2O (0, 40, 80,120) kilogram per hectare respectively arranged in central treatment design with eleven treatments. Experiments were designed and conducted in the field under randomized complete block. Maximum paddy yield (6,223 kg ha) was obtained with 174-156-80 kg ha-1 on an overall basis. However, the maximum benefit cost ratio was observed with 174-0-80 kg ha-1 with a lower yield level. Marginal rate of return was higher for nutrient N due to its lower price but higher for P and K nutrients due to their higher prices. Based on the results, 174-156-80 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O may be used by farmers seeking maximum incomes whereas 174-104-0 may be used by farmers seeking maximum cost benefit ratio, however, total income of farmers in this case may be lower.

Studies were conducted to optimize the hydrolysis of the major whey proteins with the serine proteases Alcalase and Protozyme, and of the immunoglobulin fraction of colostrum with Alcalase. The protein-peptide composition of the enzymatic hydrolysates of whey and colostrum was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoresis data under denaturing conditions. The hydrolysis conditions, in conjunction with the application of a heat treatment of the substrate, were designed to enhance the efficiency of whey proteolysis using Protozyme. An increase in the proteolysis degree of the native immunoglobulin fraction of colostrum with Alcalase was also achieved. The results of the experimental work are intended for the production of a hypoallergenic protein component derived from bovine milk.

The ultraviolet Index (UVI) is a measure of the level of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the potential danger of sun exposure. It is a linear scale that measures the intensity of UV radiation concerning sunburn, ranging from 0 to 11 or more. A higher UVI indicates a greater potential for damage to the skin and eyes and a shorter time for harm to occur. Objective: The current study aims to investigate the (UVI) in several Iraqi cities and assess its relationship with global radiation to determine potential health risks for the population Radiation and Plant Health: Although the focus of the paper is on human health, you could argue that understanding the impact of UV radiation on plants is relevant to agriculture. High levels of UV radiation can damage some crops, reducing yield. The paper establishes a link between global radiation and UVI, and since global radiation affects plant growth, there\'s a very indirect connection. Materials and Methods: The UVI data were collected using an autonomous DAVIS weather station (Vantage Pro2) equipped with a Solar UV Radiation Sensor DS6490. Results: The maximum daily value in late spring and early autumn with very high levels during summer days ranged from 12.43 to 10.16, while minimum levels were found in fall and winter at 2.1 and 2.4 and it was uncovered throughout the months of December and January. In March, October, and November, UVI levels were primarily moderate. The high level of UVI which exceeds 7 UVI over shown 7 months per year, particularly during the three summer months with very high UVI values (12.43 to 9.47). The necessary measures must be taken to protect against exposure to UV rays on days when the values are high, as well as to preserve crops on these days. Conclusions: UVI levels tend to increase or decrease on a monthly period, the greatest rate of variation was 5.1 % in March and the lowest was 1.7 % in June and July respectively. The shows a correlation coefficient of-0.91 for daily values and-0.93 for monthly values. We note that UVC has been filtered into the atmosphere and does not reach the surface of the earth, and it is considered one of the most dangerous types

Development is the government\'s performance goal. Experts agree that agricultural development is the key to a nation\'s progress. At the same time, development must be supported by human resource capabilities. This research investigates human resource management practices in certain agricultural development activities. Two main objectives will be presented in this research. The first is an analysis to present new facts regarding HRM practices in the agricultural sector, including topics that are the focus of expert discussion on HRM variables such as leadership, motivation, and work engagement in reflecting performance. Second, presenting facts regarding management aspects of several variables discussed in management practice, namely the role of leadership, motivation, and work engagement on performance. This research uses a systematic review of 29 journals on HRM in agricultural development and 36 journals on the performance of non-agricultural organizations. There are several techniques used to get these numbers; (1) Journals are limited to topics that match the research topic with the search keyword \"human resource management practices in the agricultural sector\"; (2) To meet data quality, the journal prioritizes indexed and reputable publications (Scopus); and (3) Limiting the publication year to 2014-2024. Specifically search for journals related to HRM practices with the keywords \"work engagement, leadership, and work motivation on performance\". The results of the analysis then produce major themes which are then reconstructed into a road map for further research, as well as representing the scientific contribution (novelty) of the research. The results of the analysis show that human resource management practices in the agricultural sector are focused on ten topics that are widely discussed, namely: HR Management in General; Sustainable Agriculture; Empowerment and Welfare; Agro-industry; Department/Personnel; Digital Agriculture; Agribusiness; food security; Entrepreneurship; and Farm. The resulting theoretical implication is that HRM practices are starting to shift to practical development fields such as agriculture. HRM can answer several management problems in companies and the agricultural industry, such as leadership behavior and work engagement. To contribute to knowledge, the work involvement variable is a control variable in reflecting the relationship between leadership and performance; and performance motivation. For originality, the object of study can be a case in the agricultural sector. The practical implication is that the government and agricultural business actors must jointly look at problems at the worker level to increase productivity. Several behaviors hinder progress in the agricultural sector, such as low motivation and low levels of cooperation (which causes low work engagement). These things then need to be improved in the future so that organizations and companies become more productive.

Tacca tubers (Tacca leontopetaloides) are a tuber plant variety that is neglected and underutilized. Understanding tacca tubers\' nutritional and anti-nutritional composition is necessary as a scientific basis for their development in the food industry. This study aims to evaluate the proximate composition, nutritional, and anti-nutritional compounds of tacca tubers grown in various regions in Indonesia, in particular Garut, Bangkalan, and Sumenep. As a result, the growing location did not affect the proximate composition (crude protein, ash, crude fiber, and fat) of tacca tubers except for water content. Significant differences were observed in starch content (25.77-32.43 %), vitamin C (11.85-14.32 mg/100 g), and vitamin E (0.25-0.42 mg/100 g). The growing location also significantly influences tacca tubers\' mineral components (phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium). In addition, anti-nutritional compounds such as phytic acid (633.25-538.80 mg/100 g), tannin (45.43-64.03 mg/100 g), oxalate (201.14-338.01 mg/100 g), cyanide (2.17-3.05 mg/100 g), alkaloids (253.68-487.91 mg/100 g) and saponins (97.54-105.24 mg/100 g) in tacca tubers identified in different amounts at each growing location. In conclusion, tacca tubers Indonesia from Garut contain a high starch component. This potential can be an energy source, especially for coastal communities. Thus, tacca tubers can support creating a sustainable food system in Indonesia.

Environmentally sustainable maize cultivation is essential to optimise its growth and yield potential for global food security as a key goal in sustainable agriculture. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), when coupled with silicon (Si) supplementation, has gained attention for its potential to improve crop productivity. This study investigates the impact of INM practices enriched with silicon on maize morphology and physiology changes, with a particular focus on increasing light interception (f) and Plant solar energy conversion efficiency (P-SECE) or the commons term called RUE. Experiments were conducted during the wet season of December 2022 to March 2023 in Triguna Abadi Grower group\'s Field Trial Center, Sukorambi Village, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. Two corn varieties which one is hybrid (P5027) and the other open pollinated (Lamuru) were cultivated using conventional chemical fertilizer and combined with the sole of INM and Si as well as INM+Si under a split plot design. The results showed that INM+Si significantly changed the morpho-physiological characteristics of plants so that the canopy architecture was ideal for increasing light interception in the vegetative phase by up to 3,23% compared to conventional fertilisation. In general,the INM, Si, and INM+Si fertilization methods were able to increase interception and photosynthetic efficiency compared to conventional fertilization, which had a positive impact on P-SECE levels till 1,66-2,36% and plant growth which illustrated an increase in dry weight up to 47,45%. Meanwhile, P5027, which has a more ideal canopy architecture than Lamuru, has relatively better interception efficiency, P-SECE, and growth. Significant findings related to sustainable agriculture are that Si fertilisation has a better macro-nutrient balance illustrated by the N/P ratio at 8.75. The increase in interception efficiency, RUE, and macro-nutrient balance due to the INM with Si Based fertilisation method led to increased plant growth and yield that support food security.

This study examines the influence of human capital and the performance of joint business groups on the empowerment of fishing communities in Kendari City. The research was conducted in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province, from October to December 2023. The study population comprises all fishermen who are members of the Joint Business Group, abbreviated as KUB, in Nambo Subdistrict, Kendari City, amounting to 142 individuals. The sample for this study was determined using the census method, which entailed the inclusion of the entire population, or 142 fishermen, as a sample. The exogenous variables in the study, namely human capital and the performance of the fishermen Joint Business Group (KUB), while the endogenous variable, namely the empowerment of the fishing community itself. The research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe or describe the status of human capital variables, the performance of the Joint Business Group (KUB), and the empowerment of fishing communities. Inferential statistics were used to describe and explain the fishing community empowerment model with Partial Least Square (PLS), a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) equation model. The results show that human capital has a positive and significant effect on the performance of joint business groups and the empowerment of fishing communities. In addition, the performance of joint business groups has a positive and significant contribution in improving the empowerment of fishing communities. The indirect effect of human capital is positive and significant through the performance of joint business groups on the empowerment of fishing communities in Kendari City. So that the empowerment of fishing communities will be able to be achieved by increasing the human capital of fishermen through the effective implementation of the Joint Business Group (KUB) program as a forum for learning and community self-development.

Increased productivity of drought-tolerant pulses could potentially reduce household food insecurity, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the effect of socioeconomic and institutional factors and the adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices on productivity of green gram, pigeon pea and cowpea in Makueni County, Kenya. We consider six common CSA practices namely: benches, soil conservation practices, minimum tillage, agroforestry, irrigation practices, and crop diversification. Using data from 384 randomly selected farmers, we use Sseemingly Unrelated Regression (SUREG) model to estimate factors influencing productivity of drought-tolerant pulses. The results showed that soil conservation practices were the most adopted (72%), while irrigation practices were the least adopted (9.6%). Among the CSA practices, crop diversification and benches were key to significantly affect the productivity of the three pulses, while agroforestry did not affect productivity of any of the selected pulses. Farming experience, number of extension contacts, and years of schooling were key socioeconomic and institutional factors that significantly affected the productivity of drought-tolerant pulses considered. Results showed that the impact of CSA practices on productivity differed among the pulses, since the soil conservation practices affected the productivity of both green gram and pigeon pea, while other practices including minimum tillage soil and irrigation practices affected the productivity of cowpea and green gram, respectively. Consequently, policies should consider promoting the adoption CSA practices among smallholder famers in Sub-Saharan Africa to improve farm level crop productivity and ensure household food security. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa governments and agricultural sector policy makers should promote sustainable financial incentives such as establishment of farmer-friendly credit financing schemes to enhance CSA adoption and in-turn boost smallholder farmers farm net returns.

Collective action is important in ameliorating the negative externalities in agriculture to promote household food security (HFS). This study explored the effects of efficiency and livelihood collective action initiatives (CAIs) on HFS along the pathways of production and income. The efficiency CAIs pursue efficiency-enhancing collective activities including input sourcing and output marketing. The livelihood CAIs engage in household livelihood and resilience enhancing collective activities such as provision of credit and informal insurance, pooling savings and acquisition of assets. A multinomial endogenous treatment effects (METE) model and an ordered probit model were employed on cross-sectional data drawn from 532 households from Murang’a County in central Kenya. The results revealed significant differences in HFS between the efficiency and livelihood CAIs. The differences were accounted for by the variations in household and organizational characteristics that determine the capacity to leverage HFS benefits along the pathways of production and income. Both efficiency and livelihood CAIs showed a positive significant effect on HFS through production. The results further showed that income positively influenced HFS among the livelihood members contrary to efficiency CAIs that showed negative HFS effects. The HFS across the combined pathways of income and production was lower for the efficiency CAIs than the livelihood CAIs. This was mainly due to the trade-off income effects exhibited by the former and the synergies accrued from income and production on the latter. The findings suggest that the overall performance of both efficiency and livelihood CAIs in leveraging HFS from joint income and production remains tentative. Therefore, a one-size-fits-all collective action promotional policy and program design approaches for improved HFS outcomes are inadequate. The study suggests a portfolio of context-specific collective action policies and interventions that match the differences between the efficiency and livelihood CAIs and their links to HFS. The policies would confer potential synergies, spillover effects and complementarities in strengthening the synergies while mitigating the trade-offs along the income and production pathways between the efficiency and livelihood CAIs. There is a need to enhance access to information, extension and advisory services and ICT among the members of the livelihood CAIs to improve production. It is important to incentivize the non-farm livelihood-enhancing economic activities among the livelihood members to fill the household food gaps arising from low production. It is also important to establish collective action funds and micro-credit schemes with affordable interest rates. This would help to tap the opportunities for credit sourcing and pooling savings among the livelihood members while promoting collective input sourcing and output marketing among the efficiency CAIs

Countries whose economies depend on or are supported by agriculture are called agricultural countries so agriculture is a country where the majority of the population is engaged in the farming sector. Countries that are successful as agricultural countries and can overcome poverty because they provide many jobs include Japan, the Netherlands, the United States, Australia, and China. These five countries have succeeded in alleviating poverty by maximizing their agricultural potential. This is different from other agricultural countries in ASEAN, including Indonesia, because the poverty rate is still relatively high. This is a dilemma because food-producing agricultural countries experience quite high levels of poverty. This research aims to reveal the facts of poverty in Indonesia and ASEAN as agricultural countries and analyze the relationship between poverty alleviation programs and poverty to obtain their effectiveness. Disclosure of poverty facts in Indonesia and ASEAN as agricultural countries uses secondary data, collected from various sources, such as the ASEAN Report. The relationship between types of aid and poverty in Southeast Sulawesi uses secondary data sourced from various relevant institutions/ministries. The panel data type and time series compare the performance of poverty alleviation assistance programs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, precisely between 2018 and 2022. The panel data is then analyzed using Path Analysis by carrying out difference tests, classical tests, and linear regression tests. The results of the analysis show that there are significant differences in poverty levels before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. However, no significant differences were found in the variable number of poor people. The BPNT program does not affect poverty alleviation, while PIP and DD can reduce poverty significantly. The research findings for scientific implications are that poverty alleviation assistance with the Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) scheme does not have a significant role in reducing poverty, while education assistance (PIP) and village funds are proven to play a role in reducing poverty. The theoretical implication is the application of these findings so that experts and researchers consider this when including it as an object (variable) in reflecting the correlation relationship with poverty alleviation. The practical implication is that the Government, through TNP2K, will continue the PIP and DD programs and revise the BPNT program. This is because the two poverty alleviation programs are effective in reducing poverty rates, while BPNT is not effective. Furthermore, the government\'s focus in the future will not only be on how to reduce the poverty rate but also how to reduce the number of poor people.

We discovered a blank point in the study of palm oil conflicts in Indonesia, namely abandoned land. This is critical in determining the ontology of the conflicts that frequently occur between palm oil firms and communities surrounding plantation areas, conflicts that are generated by land rights. We conducted research in the Bengkayang district. Observations, desk studies, and in-depth interviews that we conducted revealed that there were four main factors causing land to be indicated as abandoned in the area of palm oil companies\' cultivation rights (HGU). First, inconsistencies and uncertainties in HGU determination procedures, for example, produce challenges and tensions with indigenous groups. Second, data fabrication practices by related parties, including local governments, result in inaccurate information. Third, the lack of formal legal rights over customary land makes maintaining land ownership claims difficult for groups. Fourth, unequal acknowledgment of traditional regions\' sovereignty leads to inequity in natural resource management. The phenomenon of abandoned land in this study occurs due to the duality of property rights, which reduces land productivity. The ontological implications of this research concern land development and management, regulatory simplification in maintaining customary land rights, and contemplation of overlapping land rights. This research increases understanding of the dynamics of development and management of abandoned land.

Combining turnip roots and leaves with cooked wheat grits and salt makes Tarasas, a fermented dish from Iraqi Kurdistan. The fermentation process takes 15 days, to produce a ready-to-eat dish. This study aims to identify the bacteria responsible and the role of wheat grits during the 0, 5, 10, and 15 days of fermentation for forming biogenic amines in Tarasas. The results demonstrate that pH levels during the fermentation periods decreased gradually. Microbial analysis showed an increased lactic acid bacteria count during Tarasas fermentation. The study also investigates how adding Lactobacillus plantarum, and yogurt starters (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) affects the process. The current study shows that adding yogurt starters at 3% increased biogenic amine levels, On the other side, using Lactobacillus plantarum as a starter at 3% reduced biogenic amine levels compared with treatments that ferment spontaneously. Additionally, decreasing the wheat grit content to 50% (of the total weight of wheat grits) was associated with a decrease in biogenic amines in the Tarasas. The sensory evaluation results also revealed that the treatments containing Lactobacillus plantarum were more acceptable to the consumer than the traditional treatment or the one with added yogurt.

This study uses the planned behavior theory to investigate why farmers practice Mina Padi farming (rice-fish integration) on rainfed swamp land. The research will focus on attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intents. This research was conducted 2023 on 75 farmers who carried out Mina Padi farming (rice-fish integration) on rainfed swamp land in South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Descriptive analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis are the methods of data analysis used, and SmartPLS 3 software is utilized. The study\'s findings indicate that the intention variable for engaging in Mina Padi farming (rice-fish integration) positively and substantially affects attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. The most important factor influencing the formation of intentions is the attitude variable. A favorable and substantial influence was also identified for the intention variable on the behavioral variable of engaging in Mina Padi farming (rice-fish integration). Meanwhile, the behavioral control perception variable on the Mina Padi farming behavior variable (rice-fish integration) has a positive but insignificant influence

Effect of Cocos water on the viability of the visceral leishmaniasis parasite was investigated by MTT assay after processed with different concentrations of cocos water, and compared to the effect of pentostam treatment at different times of 24 and 48 hours, the percentage viability of promastigotes will decrease with increasing concentrations, also show that the cocos water effect on the promastigtes growth ,initially the parasite was grown at a rate of 1 × 104 cells / mL in two groups and the parasites grow at low rate of division compared with NNN-media where it was in the peak of growth then the numbers of parasites began to gradually decrease with the time, until it became in 20 days with no notable growth has occurred, then juice color like red and purple stains and natural stains like red onion , Crocus sativus, red cherry as staning the parasites, showed that the red stain was the better one , while the Crocus sativus stain was the better in natural stains the results referred to the possibility of using for staining parasite and can be using it in research and in laboratories because it its more stable and cheaper

Population growth will continue, so experts predict there will be a threat of a food crisis and famine in the future. At the same time, the extraction of natural resources, such as mining, continues to occur to fulfill energy needs. Something like this happened in Konawe Regency, a national mining area. The research aims to determine and analyze the development of the role of the crop sub-sector during 2014-2022, as well as determine the role of each food crop commodity in the regional economy. This study uses a quantitative research paradigm with a descriptive design to explain the findings based on the results of quantitative data processing. The quantitative data analysis referred to is LQ analysis. The analysis results showed that the commodities processed during 2014-2022 were seven types of commodities: Rice, Corn, Soybeans, Peanuts, Mung Beans, Cassava, and Sweet Potatoes. Food crop production during the observation period showed a decline of up to 40% or 5% every year. Only two commodities are basic and superior in explaining their role in the regional economy, namely Rice and Soybeans. Even though it is a base, rice production is showing a decline, giving rise to the assumption that in the future it will experience pressure and may lose its role as a base. The urgent agenda in answering this gap is that there needs to be immediate and concrete efforts for a green transition with a green industrial park. This concept has become a global agreement in mitigating climate change, in which there is a signal that mining business actors have a social responsibility (CSR) to help farmers be innovative. Regarding the development of human resources in agriculture, women and the millennial generation are the focus of the agenda prepared to ensure agriculture\'s sustainability, especially food crops.