Volume 10 (2022), Issue 4

Potato wart and fusarium diseases are increasing rapidly in the potato producing areas of Turkey and are gradually becoming a cause of concern potato-based Turkish economy. Therefore, taking of early measures against both diseases are of great importance. Seed mini tubers regenerated under in vitro conditions have a significant role to produce disease-free tubers for use as plants. This research was conducted at Ankara province, in the Central Anatolia (hot-humid continental climate conditions (Dsb- as per koppen Geiger climate classification), in 2015-2016 growing seasons for 2 years. The mini tubers were planted in 5 different planting densities (70×10 cm, 70×15 cm, 70×20 cm, 70×25 cm, 70 × 30 cm) by using in vitro regenerated mini tubers belonging to 3 categories (5-10 g, 11-20 g and 21 -30 g) during 2015 and 2016 at Ankara in the Central Anatolia (hot-humid continental climate conditions (Dsb- as per koppen Geiger climate classification), belonging to the cv. Florice. A comparison was made for mean tuber weight per plant (g), number of tubers per plant (number/plant), Total weight of all tubersper plant (g/plant) and yield (kg/ha) at the time of harvest. The findings of the study showed that average tuber weight and number per plant, Total tuber weight per plant increased positively, and yield decreased by increasing the seed tuber weight and row to plant-to-plant distance between plants, when the results of the two years were compared. It was found that the weight changed from tuber weight was 91.3 g and 48.8 g/plant, number of tubers per plant was 5.5 and 5.3, Total tuber weight per plant was and 373.8 and 201.0 g/plant for first and 2nd year respectively without showing any signs of wart and fusarium regardless of the density of the plants. The maximum seed yields per hectare was 32,272 kg and 15,082 kg, during 2015 and 2016, respectively. When the tuber distribution was compared, the maximum of 40% and 39% tubers attained diameter of 35-60 mm and 25-35 mm in the first year and 2nd years in the same order. No wart and fusarium rot was noted on the tubers irrespective of the row to plant to plant distance in each plot. Maximum yield was obtained by planting large tubers (21-30 g) using planting density of 70 ×10 cm. The results recommended use of Ankara as an alternative place for the production of wart and fusarium rot free potato seed production area

Brassica napus L. is important oilseed crop, having higher oil contents (40%) with low contents of glucosinolate and erucic acid, make it perfect for edible purpose. Ten Brassica napus L. genotypes were crossed in line × tester mating design. Seven high yielding female lines were crossed with 3 low yielding testers. The 21 F1’s along with parents were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions in the field of Department of Plant Breeding and genetics, UAF. Out of thirteen attributes, eleven attributes (plant height, days taken to flower initiation, days taken to 50% flower initiation, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of siliques per plant, siliqua length, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield per plot and oil content) showed significant results for all genotypes under study while two attributes (seed per siliqua and protein content) were non-significant. The parent ZN-M-9 was chosen as excellent overall combiner for plant height, days taken to flower initiation, days to 50% flowering and number of siliques plant-1 and ZM-M-6 and Rainbow identified as the excellent general combiner for the seed yield plant-1 and seed yield per plot, respectively. The cross ZN-M-9 × ZMR-3 & DGL × ZN-R-1 identified as good specific combiners for seed yield plant-1 and seed yield plot-1, respectively. The cross ZM-M-6 × ZMR-3 was selected as best for days taken to first flower beginning, days taken to 50% flowering, and oil content on the basis of better parent heterosis. The genetic information obtained in this research will be helpful for the breeder during their future breeding program.

Global climate change affects the frequency and magnitude of hydrological changes, resulting in catastrophic events like floods and drought. Extremes in precipitation, both high and low, are limiting food, fiber, and forest production across the globe. Rice (Oryza sativa) productivity on rain-fed farmlands is hampered by submergence and drought, both of which may occur simultaneously within a single crop cycle. With the successful introduction of flash flood-tolerant rice varieties to farmers over the past decade, molecular mechanisms of flood tolerance in rice have been uncovered. Despite intensive study, the breakthrough in drought tolerance has yet to be achieved. SUB1A, an ERF transcription factor identified in a small number of rice accessions, reduces ethylene synthesis and gibberellic acid response during submergence, conserving glucose stores and extending endurance greatly. SUB1A improves drought recovery during the vegetative stage by reducing leaf water loss and lipid peroxidation, as well as increasing the expression of genes linked with adaptation to dehydration, according to recent research. SUB1A overexpression increases ABA responsiveness, resulting in the activation of stress-inducible gene expression. During drought and de-submergence, SUB1A also prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aerial tissue. SUB1A increases the number of transcripts encoding ROS scavenging enzymes on a consistent basis, resulting in improved oxidative stress tolerance. Thus, this review provides a detailed information about the effect of submergence and drought stress in rice and role of SUB1A in improving the survival of plants after rapid dehydration following de-submergence and water deficit during drought

Increasing temperature because of climate change is one of the leading constraints to wheat productivity by adversely affecting its growth and development. Global warming would push the wheat cultivation further into heat stressed environment in future which may ultimately cause yield loss. This research directed for determination of heat tolerance level among different wheat genotypes to establish selection criteria under high temperature to select promising wheat genotypes for breeding. Hundred wheat accessions including 97 lines from international Maize and wheat improvement centre’s (CIMMYT) heat nurseries and three local checks were assessed for tolerance against high temperature in glass house and open field. In glass house, at seedling stage data was recorded for fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, leaf relative water content and electrolyte leakage. In open field data for heat and yield related traits were recorded and subjected to mean square analysis. Studied traits were pooled through cluster analysis. Results showed that these traits have potential to discriminate heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Variances between genotypes were highly significant for all investigated traits under both circumstances. Accessions HTSBWON-15-0002, HTSBWON-15-0029, HTSBWON-15-0040, HTSBWON-15-0079, HTSBWON-15-0087, HTSBWON-15-0089 and Faisalabad-08 performed good for heat and yield related traits particularly electrolyte leakage and leaf relative water content. Hence, based on analysis it could be deduced that these genotypes may be used in hybridization programs for development of heat tolerant wheat genotypes with high yield potential.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of L-Carnitine (LC), L-Methionine (LM) and Honey (H) supplementation on Lake’s diluent ability to store chicken sperm. Semen samples were collected from local meat type chicken males (n=20, by abdominal massage method. Two experiments were carried out. In Exp-I twelve treatments were prepared in Lake’s diluent mixing different concentrations of LC (i.e., 0.5mMLC, 1mMLC, 2mMLC and 4mMLC), LM (i.e., 0.5mMLM, 1mMLM, 2mMLM and 4mMLM) and H (i.e., 0.25%H, 0.5%H, 1%H and 2%H) while Lake’s diluent without any addition was used as control. In Exp-II four treatments were prepared by mixing different proportions of LC + LM + H in Lake’s diluent as followed: T1 (0.125mMLC + 0.125LM + 0.125%H), T2 (0.25mMLC + 0.25LM + 0.25%H), T3 (0.5mMLC + 0.5LM + 0.5%H) and T4 (1mMLC + 1mMLM + 1%H), while semen mixed only with Lake’s diluent was used as control (To). In both experiments semen was stored up till 48h at 5°C and sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity and abnormal morphology were assessed at 0, 12, 24 and 48h of storage. In Exp-I after 48h we recorded highest (P<0.05) motility (62%) with 2mMLM, membrane integrity with 0.25%H and 0.5%H (43%), sperm viability with 0.25% H (70%) compared with all other treatments, while lowest morphological defects with 1mMLC (29%) and 1mMLM (29%). In Exp-II at 48h we observed highest (P<0.05) motility (52%) and membrane integrity (48%) with T1 compared with all other treatments. We observed highest (P<0.05) sperm viability (64%) with T2 while T1 and T2 had lowest morphological defects (Avg. 29%). It is concluded that 2mMLM supports high motility while honey support viability and membrane integrity till 48h. In addition to that a combination of 0.125mMLC + 0.125mMLM + 0.125%H gives good protection to sperm during liquid semen storage in Lake’s diluemt.

Cotton is produced in more than eighty countries and plays a critical role in the economies of all. Soil depletion is occurring at an unprecedented rate as a result of salinity. Salinity is an emerging global issue which significant harm cotton productivity. In this situation, cotton requires long-term development; various salinity mitigation strategies can lead to long-term cotton economic output. Developing resilient cotton varieties is the first step in overcoming this long-term challenge. Numerous researchers are eager to improve various strategies (by applying modern biological tools) so that of cotton can combat the many threats face through its life cycle. Cotton's plant adaptation can be established by utilizing a variety of biotechnological methods. The improvement of suitable field conditions for optimum crop development is also taken into account; fertilizer application, good quality water supply and soil reclamation are all necessary to reduce saline situations and improve cotton output.

Sugarcane production face numerous difficulties, including infestations of insects and diseases, particularly red rot, a lack of appropriate seed supply, a lack of industrial support, etc. Using a process called plant tissue culture, huge amounts of authentically grown, disease-free plant material may be produced quickly. Plant tissue culture can also be used to quickly reproduce recently released varieties with crucial agronomic characteristics. For this purpose, sugarcane callus culture was collected from the inner soft leaf sheath to increase genetic diversity. Ten different concentrations viz., 1.5, 1.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0 mgL-1 of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid in MS medium were used for callus development, along with 0 mgL-1 control was used. Different combinations and concentrations of BAP+ Kin (1.0+1.0, 1.0+1.5, 1.0+0.5, 1.0+1.0, 1.5+1.0 and 1.0+1.5 mgL-1) were used for regeneration of shoots and auxin. IBA with 6 different concentrations (0. 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.5 and 1.8 mgL-1) were used for rooting of the shoots. Among all the growth regulators, 2, 4-D at 3.0 mgL-1 demonstrated the greatest auxin for callus development with BAP. The 6-12 mm meristem was grown in MS medium with NAA. It was observed that at concentrations viz., 3.5mgL-1 and 4.0mgL-1 of 2, 4-D, maximum callus (79.0-84.5 %) was developed with 4-5 mm in size. Maximum root growth and length (3.7 mm) were reported at 1.0 mgL-1 IBA and 1.0 mgL-1 Kinetin and 1.5 mgL 1 BAP in MS medium. It was concluded that auxin concentration is best for all sugarcane in vitro callus culture, which will assist researchers in future work.

To ensure plant identification, set parameters of standardization that support and prevent adulteration and admixture, and to find out any possible skin irritation effect of crude extracts of plant parts of very commonly used condiment Kasuri methi, (Trigonella foenum-graecum) in Pakistan. For pharmacognostic research, various evaluations were done focusing on macroscopic and microscopic studies of the transversely cut section, peeled off the epidermis, and powdered stuff of different plant parts to observe the anatomical features of different types of cells, trichomes, stomata types, and vascular tissues. In dermatological studies, phytochemical analysis was carried out to find different constituents and properties of this plant. Simple, uniseriate, non-glandular trichomes, anisocytic or anomocytic stomata, tracheids with spiral to scalariform secondary’s wall thickening pattern, pitted vessels in stem and roots were commonly found both in sections and in powdered stuff. The phytochemical study showed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, and tannins. The skin irritation effect of crude extracts of leaves in n-Hexane and ethanol in roots were found both in causing skin irritation but slightly reddening the vessel. The skin irritant effect persists for 4 to 5 hours due to these crude extracts. The least skin irritation effect was exhibited by the crude extracts of roots in distilled water, thus resulting in the doubtful reaction of rabbit’s ear, these reactions could be due to the phytochemical found in the extracts. This research offers the scientific findings for the appropriate identification and establishment of standards for the use of Kasuri methi, (Trigonella foenum-graecum).

Different growth parameters were recorded for Persian buttercup grown in pots to evaluate various doses of phosphorous and potassium. The potted experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications with following doses of potassium (0, 100, 150 and 200 mg/pot) and phosphorus (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/ pot). The significant results were observed as data depicted that plants showed the maximum number of leaves (33.96) in pots those were supplemented with 150 mg/ pot phosphorous, similarly maximum leaf area was recorded (40.63 cm2). Furthermore, stalk length (26.09), plant fresh weight (9.16) and dry weight (3.05) was also maximum in pots supplemented with 150 mg/pots. In case of Potassium application, maximum number of leaves per plant (32.05) was observed and plants supplemented with 200 mg of potassium/pot. Combine application of P & K (150 mg + 200 mg) per plant showed best performance in parameters recorded in this study.

We investigated the effect of blends of betaine (BT), choline (CH) ascorbic acid (AA) and Xylanase (Xyl) on broiler performance in heat stress conditions. Broilers (n=480) were allotted to following treatments; A= basal diet (BD), B = BT + Xyl, C = CH + Xyl, D = AA + Xyl, E = BT + CH + Xyl, F = BT + AA + Xyl, G = CH + AA + Xyl and H = BT + CH + AA + Xyl. The final body weight was significantly lower in groups A and G and FCR compared with group B, C, D, F and H while mortality was higher in group A compared with B, C, G and H. The dry matter digestibility at finisher stage was significantly higher in B, C, D, E and F compared with A, G and H. Crude protein digestibility was significantly lower in group A compared with all other treatments in starter and finisher phases. In finisher phase CP digestibility was significantly higher in B, E, F and H compared with C, D, and G. The B, D and G had significantly higher dressing percentage compared with E and H. The breast meat yields hematological parameters improved in all supplemented groups compared with control. We concluded that use of blends of betaine, choline, ascorbic acid and xylanase enzyme improve broiler performance in heat stressed condition, however there is need to adjust level of each these substances to make better blends.

The importance of micronutrients to plant growth is comparable to that of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, even though they are required at much lower concentrations. They are necessary for the process of cell division, the development of meristematic tissue, photosynthesis, respiration, the transfer of energy and nucleotides, and the overall growth of plants. Although plants only require very modest levels of micronutrients for optimal growth and productivity, the absence of these nutrients disrupts a wide variety of physiological and metabolic processes. It is necessary for plants to receive specific amounts of micronutrients in specific forms at specific times in order for them to grow and develop to their full potential. Lack of micronutrients in the soil significantly reduces soybean production. This article evaluates and summaries information on micronutrient utilization in soybeans at global level. We discussed micronutrient deficiency symptoms and their impact on soybean yields. Micronutrient application methods and dosages are also considered. This study compiled information on micronutrient use in soybean to better understand its impact on fertility, soil health, and grain yield.

Mango is widely consumed all over the world due to its unique flavor, remarkable taste, nutritional and medicinal characteristics. Multan is an important region in Pakistan with suitable weather conditions for the growth of mango plants. In this study, we successfully optimized the doses of affordable fertilizers for better growth and development of mango plants. Besides, we described the chemical and physical analysis with various recipes and combinations of fertilizers. Our findings show that Calcium Ammonium Nitrate, Single Super Phosphate and Sulphate of Potash, release easily Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium for better growth of plants along with some micronutrient. These optimized doses can be purchased and afforded by farmers easily and provide good and extraordinary results. Further experiments revealed that the combination of three controlled doses provides better results when compared to a single of dual combinations and if the concentration of doses rises to an extent this results in the wilting and death of plants.