Volume 8 (2020), Issue 1

Infectious bronchitis infection is a corona virus infection caused by infectious bronchitis virus. It severely damages the broiler industry, and results in reduced meat production and feed conversion ratio. Present review will provide a brief note on infectious bronchitis virus infection in poultry especially in broilers. Furthermore, this review will provide evidence that ostrich IgY is a powerful weapon against infectious bronchitis infection in poultry farms. Based on previous research and ostrich IgY potential to cure infectious bronchitis it could be assumed that development of antibody vaccines for new type corona viruses, COVID 19, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV could be beneficial to control new type corona viruses. Keywords: Corona virus, poultry, respiratory diseases, infection, vaccine

Kinnow mandarin is most pronounced fruit being grown in Pakistan because of its excellent fresh intake, processing value, flavor, quality, high yield and better adaptability. Present study was conducted to study the effects of preharvest foliar spray of zinc sulphate and calcium carbonate to improve the fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Fruit bearing trees of 12-15 years old were sprayed with calcium carbonate and zinc sulphate @ 3% and 4% concentration. Foliar application of CaCO3 and ZnSO4 significantly increased the fruit weight, fruit diameter, juice percentage, TSS, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant, total phenolic, carotenoids and flavonoids contents. ZnSO4 @ 4% gave the best results for improvement of Kinnow fruit quality and yield.

Cotton is an important cash crop, white gold and mainstay in the economy of Pakistan. Sucking insect pests of cotton especially Bemesia tabaci is the major threat. The present study was planned to evaluate the toxic effects of three synthetic insecticides i.e. Acetamiprid 20 SP, Buprofezin 25WP and Endosulfon 35EC against Bemisia tabaci against cotton white fly under optimum laboratory circumstances. All the tested insecticides were applied at dose rates of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm. Each treatment and control were replicated thrice. Findings of the bioassays displayed that Buprofezin 25WP exhibited high mortality (82.13%) of white fly after exposure of 24 hours, among the three tested insecticides. Whilst Endosulfon 35EC and Acetamiprid 20 SP exhibited relatively low mortality (77.46 and 69.52%, respectively). LC50 values reflected that Endosulfon 35EC showed the highest toxicity against Bemisia tabaci with LC50 of 241.76 ppm followed by Buprofezin 25WP and Acetamiprid 20 SP with LC50s of 340.50 ppm and 395.12 ppm, respectively. Overall results disclosed that all three tested insecticides showed enhanced control under controlled experimental conditions. Hence, Buprofezin and Endosulfon can be used in integrated pest management (IPM) of B. tabaci.

Rice blast Pyricularia oryzae Cav. has bad effect on rice and decreases its yield every year. Present investigation was aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different fungicides for blast management in rice crop under agro-climatic conditions of Pakistan. This experiment was conducted following the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five fungicides were used for blast management in rice crop. The fungicides viz., Recado 32.5% SC @ 200 ml/acre, Thrill 20% WP @ 250 g per acre, Nativo 75% WP @ 65 g/acre, Recado Ultra 40% SC @ 200 ml/acre and Amistar Top 325 SC @ 200 ml/Acre. For each treatment, there were three replications. The significantly affected parameters were percent disease intensity (PDI), plant height (cm), number of tillers (m–2), number of grains (m–2) and grain yield (kg ha-1). The results showed that maximum yield was recorded for Nativo 75% WP whereas minimum yield was for control plot. The fungicide Nativo 75% WP @65 g a.i. per acre was applied at performed well and exhibited effectively blast control and better yield in rice. Minimum percent disease intensity (11.16%) was observed in treatment of Nativo 75% WP whereas maximum (58.50%) percent disease intensity was in control treatment. Maximum plant height (88.83 cm) was recorded for Nativo 75% WP. Similarly, maximum number of tillers recorded for Nativo 75% WP were 164 m–2. The maximum value of grain yields of 4403.32 kg ha–1 was observed in Nativo 75% WP treated plots followed by Amistar Top 325 SC

Pratylenchus thornei (Sher and Allen) Chitwood (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) is widespread species and caused important damage on cereals, legumes, ornamental plants and vegetables. P. thornei is migratory endoparasitic nematode, which migrate through root tissue and causing extensive root damage. The objective of study was to determine the effectiveness of nano silver additive aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera L. (Brassicales: Moringaceae) against P. thornei under laboratory conditions. P. thornei was produced on carrot culture. Nematodes were extracted by petri dish methods and keeping them until using at 4°C. P. thornei suspensions were transferred to 24 cell plate which had approximately 50±5 nematodes each cell in 100 µl. Nano silver additive aqueous extract of M. oleifera was prepared and added to each cell at 4 concentrations (168, 84, 42 and 21 ppm) in 1 ml. Distilled water was used as a control. All dishes were kept at 28±2°C. The nematode exposed 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in four concentration of M. oleifera. P. thornei were considered dead if they did not move when probed with a fine needle. As a result of this experiment, in 48 hours, 168 ppm (90.55±1.74) and 84 ppm (79.79±1.89) showed highly promising mortality. Nano silver additive aqueous extract of M. oleifera was found effective in reducing P. thornei.

Copper sulphate is a source of copper element, a micronutrient necessary for the growth and enzymatic activities of the plant but at low concentration. To elaborate the effects of copper sulfate at different concentrations, a lab experiment was conducted according to completely randomized design with three repeats. Seed priming was done with various levels of copper sulphate (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 μM) along with hydro-priming and control. Seed priming with 40 μM copper sulphate gave the maximum shoot length (15.21 cm), root length (11.00 cm), fresh plant weight (9.45 g), shoot fresh weight (5.76 g), root fresh weight (3.69 g), shoot dry weight (3.13 g), root dry weight (0.76 g) and number of leaves (17.33). The results concluded that copper sulphate was useful for green gram plants but at very low concentrations and was toxic when seeds primed with high doses.

Food poisoning is the effect of eating toxic, contaminated or spoiled food. An estimated 600 million people in the world fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420000 die every year. Most of the food contamination occurs due to bacteria. They can survive in food at any stage i.e. when food is growing, packaged, shipped or cooked. Prohibition of food spoilage is accomplished by use of chemicals, but they have side effects on human health. Attempts have been targeted in the production of natural preservatives which are nutritionally safe and ensure quality of food products. Air dried powder of leaves of C. haematocephala was extracted in soxhlet apparatus with 80% ethanol. S. aureus, E. coli, S.typhi, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were isolated and identified biochemically. Antibacterial activity of plant extract was determined against these bacteria. MIC and MBC were also determined. Phytochemical analysis was done using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Disc diffusion method showed zones of inhibition of 13, 15, 11, 14 and 12mm against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and S. typhi, respectively. MIC for E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and S. typhi was 312, 78, 25×102, 156 and 312µg per 50µl, respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed that flavonoids and phenolics were present in the extract. Ethanolic extract of C. haematocephala have active compounds that can be used as natural additive in food.

Poultry is one of the cheapest sources of protein for developing countries, especially Pakistan. But it is not enough to meet the requirement of the people due to various problems. There are many public as well as private sectors organizations that are providing different poultry extension facilities to the poultry farmers to meet the current situation and mitigate the challenges regarding the production. The current study is planned to assess the perception of poultry farmers regarding extension services provided by Mukhtar Feeds (MFs) Samundari. All the registered poultry farmers of MFs Tehsil Samundari were considered as a population of the study and sample size of 152 registered farmers were selected randomly. Results indicated that 25% of the respondents were highly satisfied with the services provided by MFs; however, 28.9% of the respondents had a very high satisfaction level. It is also indicated that 40.79% of the respondents selected MFs because of its low price feeds and about one fifth (23.68%) of the respondents were visiting MFs three times a week for purchasing poultry feed. It is suggested that public sector extension agencies should treat private sector see them as partners and offer them specific training on their areas of strength for better extension service delivery to promote poultry farming in Pakistan.

In case of uncertainty and increased risk, it may be more difficult for business owners to make decisions. Business owners, who are aware of this need, have to get certain information in order to manage their business for the purpose they determined. The purpose of this study is to develop risk management strategies on risk behaviors in decision-making during management of agricultural enterprises in Kirsehir province of Turkey which may act as an example for dry farming system. In this context, 243 agricultural enterprises managers who have the capacity to represent the province of Kirsehir, were selected by means of Purposive Sampling Method in the districts of Kirsşehir-Center, Kaman, Mucur and Cicekdagi. Probability Sampling Method was used to determine the number of samples. In this context, the probability value of P was calculated as 0.35, which is the probability of the risk taking of the agricultural holding’s managers. In the calculation of this ratio, preliminary study results were used. It was observed that the variables of age, education, working time in agriculture, bovine animal unit (BAU), income sources and income status variables were statistically significant in the risk taking behaviors of farm managers. On the other hand, variables such as the social security status and agricultural land (property, rent, total and irrigated agricultural land) processed by the managers of agricultural holdings did not significantly affect the risk taking behaviors of agricultural holding’s managers. It is thought that the risk behaviors of the agricultural enterprise managers in Kirsehir province are not only influenced by the economic structure of the enterprises but also the economic stability of the country. National economic stability is important for the formation of the population that can take risks in agriculture for also entrepreneurship

Canonical correlation is a multivariate statistical method for determining relationships between data sets. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between milk and wool yield traits of Akkaraman sheep by using canonical correlation analysis. Data were collected from 36 sheep maintained at the Toprakpinar village of Sarikaya province in Yozgat. The characters associated with milk yield to determine properties of wool from sheep, the two data sets were formed for the analysis. One of the sets (X set) was consisted of wool traits i.e. fleece weight (FW), staple length (SL), fiber length (FL), average number of crimps over a length of 5 cm (ANC) and wool fineness (WF). The other set (Y set) was constituted of marketable milk yield (MY), lactation period (LP), milking period (MP), average daily milk yield (ADMY) and maximum daily milk yield (MDMY). Canonical correlation coefficients between two sets were determinate and evaluated accordingly. The significant canonical correlation between milk yield and sheep fleece was found in Akkaraman. The highest canonical weight was observed in the ondulation fleece properties for time of milking and lactation period. The largest contributor of the formation of the canonical variables was affected by dirty wool weight. The fineness has the lowest effect.