Aims and Scope

This study focuses on understanding the impact of varying nitrogen rates on the growth, fruit production, and quality of clementine Nules variety trees grafted onto Flhorag and Carrizo citrange rootstocks and cultivated at the Sidi Allal Tazi Experimental Station of INRA Morocco, in clay soil, over five seasons. A split-plot design with three blocks of repetitions (two trees per bloc per treatment, n=6) was employed in this experiment. The main plot varied the nitrogen doses, while the subplot involved the genotype of rootstock. Three fertilizer treatments with N rates (T0: control (native nutrient), T1: 270, T2: 540 in g/tree), with 135 P2O5 and 270 K2O g/tree added to citrus trees. The research indicated that both nitrogen rate and rootstock genotype significantly influenced vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of Nules clementine. Increased nitrogen levels enhance vegetative growth, especially in Carrizo citrange rootstock, evidenced by greater tree height, canopy diameter, and volume. Significant and positive correlation was found between canopy volume and fruit yield, across both rootstock highlighting the importance of proper nitrogen management in citrus cultivation. Carrizo citrange was proved to be a more efficient rootstock for Nules variety in contrast to tetraploid Flhorag. Higher nitrogen rates with Carrizo citrange result in better yield and fruit quality (size, juice content, and solid soluble content) than with tetraploid Flhorag. Optimal yield and fruit quality in Nules clementine are achieved using 540g of N/tree/year when grafted on Carrizo citrange. The recommended NPK rate for achieving high yield and optimal fruit quality of Nules clementine was 540 N-135 P2O5-270 K2O g/tree/year.

Globally, climate change is a significant development challenge. Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change because of the region’s low adaptive capacity and its excessive reliance on rain-fed agriculture for food security and livelihood. Climate information accessibility is promoted to improve smallholder farmers’ adoption intensity of climate-smart adaptation practices. The object of this research is to examine climate information access as a driver of climate-smart adaptation practices. This study utilized primary data from 475 smallholder farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. The Endogenous-Switching Poisson regression model was fitted to examine the determinants of access to climate information and the subsequent effect of access to climate information on climate-smart adaptation practices adoption intensity. According to the study, access to climate information is endogenous and is influenced positively by gender, farming experience, off-farm income and the number of times smallholder farmers listen to the radio. Age, farm income, access to extension, education, off-farm income, farm experience, perception of temperature and Access to climate information thus had a significant influence on the adoption intensity of smallholder farmers’ climate-smart adaptation practices. Based on these results, we suggest that climate change and agricultural programs should encourage smallholder farmers\' subscription to access climate information in promoting the adoption of numerous climate-smart adaptation practices. To provide climate information to smallholder farmers in this situation, extension agents should be the main targets. The large effect of income that is both farm and off-farm income on the rate of climate-smart adaptation practices adoption is one of the study’s key findings. We contend that agricultural programmes should include ways to improve both farm and off-farm income of smallholder farmers to enable them to intensify their climate-smart adaptation practices adoption

The study aimed to test the cellulolytic ability of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 inoculum as local Indonesian isolates and their application in the fermentation of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal. Measurement of cellulolytic ability includes qualitative cellulase activity (measurement of clear zone formation around fungal colonies) and quantitative cellulase activity (measurement of the amount of reducing sugar produced by broth enzymes from fungal cultures). Experiments of Gliricidia sepium fermentation using Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 were each designed using Completely Randomized Design. The treatments used consisted of fermentation duration of 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 days—identification of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 species using molecular identification method. The research results show that qualitative cellulase activities in Trichoderma AA2 were significantly higher compared to Trichoderma AA1. The CZD/CD ratio of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 were 2.39±0.11 and 1.97±0.10, respectively. The CMC-ase activity of Trichoderma AA2 was 0.332±0.038 µmol/ml/min, and this was significantly higher compared to TrichodermaAA2, which was only 0.201±0.021 µmol/ml/min. Gliricidia sepium fermentation using AA1 and AA2 inoculum showed increased nutritional value, including soluble protein content, In-vitro digestibility of dry matter, and In-vitro digestibility of organic matter in 2 and 4 days of fermentation. There was a decrease in nutritional value in 6 days of fermentation. Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 were identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma asperellum, respectively. The study concluded that T. Koningiopsis AA1 and T. Asperellum AA2 were proven to have cellulolytic abilities and could be used as inoculum in Gliricidia sepium fermentation to increase its nutritional value.

Arabica coffee (Coffee arabica) is among the most popular and widely consumed drinks globally today. The current study aimed to detect and quantify of potential mycotoxins in coffee beans and to investigate their potential risk on HepG-2 human liver cancer cells and male albino rats. Eighteen fully matured green coffee samples were collected from different geographical locations in Saudi Arabia. Mycotoxins were detected and quantified utilizing High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxicity of the detected toxins was investigated utilizing the MTT assay method toward HepG-2 cells and male albino rats. Cytotoxic properties of the detected mycotoxins were investigated at doses of 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250 and 500 µg/ml following exposure durations of 24 and 48 h in comparison with control. HPLC analysis revealed the detection of four Alternaria toxins (ALT-Ts) namely Altenuene (ALT), Tenuazonic acid (TA), Alternariol (AOH), and Altenuisol being AOH reported as the frequently detected mycotoxin in 18 coffee beans samples representing 75 % with quantity ranged 0.98 to 8.97 ?g/g. In addition, Aflatoxin B1 was also detected with low quantity ranged 0.89 to 3.22 ?g/g. Treatment of HepG-2 cell line with combined Alternaria toxins (ALT, TeA, AOH, and Altenuisol), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as their combination triggered a decline in cell viability that was proportional to the dose administered. The elevated doses (62.50, 125, 250 and 500 µg/ml) notably reduced cell viability and induced cellular damages when contrasted with the lowest dose (31.25 µg/ml) and control. The IC50 for the tested mycotoxins registered for ALT-Ts, AFB1 and OTA as well as their combination were 115.95, 56.68, 59.86 and 31.05 µg/ml after 48 h of exposure. Secreting inflammatory markers (Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1? (IL-1?) and COX-2), and oxidative markers (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH) and nitrite (NO) were downregulated by all mycotoxins with the highest decrease induced by their mixture. MDA and TAC were significantly increased by all toxins in treated rats. Hematological results revealed that AFB1, OTA and ALT-Ts-treated rats exhibited a notable decline in hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and packed cell volume % (PCV). However, single and double dose-treated rats with OTA, Mix1 and Mix2 exhibited a marked increase in WBCs. The results demonstrated a notable decline in liver and kidney functions in all mycotoxins-treated rats. The studied organs (liver, kidney and spleen) exhibited significant damage, with the most severe alterations observed in the Mix1 and Mix2-treated group in comparison with the groups receiving individual treatment. This indicates that the mixture of AFB1, ALT-Ts and OTA had an enhanced toxic consequence against treated HepG-2 cell line and rats. Our results indicated the synergistic effect of the combined different mycotoxins against HepG-2 human liver cancer cells and male albino rats. This work could help fill in data gaps and enhance risk assessment for human health by addressing some of the possible risks associated with Alternaria toxins.\r\n

Lubuk Bayas Village is a village in Perbaungan District with a center for organic rice fields in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The village had been certified by the Seloliman Organic Certification Institute (LeSOS) in 2018. In addition to having sizeable organic paddy fields, this village has the potential to become a tourist village with natural beauty and agricultural products. However, there are several obstacles in developing organic rice fields, such as low buying interest, switching from organic to conventional rice fields, and the need for knowledge of tourism management. The aims of this study were 1) To determine the potential for rice field tourism by analyzing consumer attitudes toward organic product tourism, 2) To analyze intentions for organic tourism. We are finding and developing a tourism village development model based on organic agricultural commodities in Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan District. Data were analyzed using LISREL and SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicated that tourism activities and community participation significantly affect consumer attitudes toward organic tourism. Attitudes affect interest in organic tourism in the future. The primary strategy for developing a tourist village is to highlight the primary agricultural commodities, such as organic paddy rice, with the support of Serdang Bedagai\'s natural and cultural tourist attractions

This study analyzes the price fluctuations of cooking oil in the Indonesian consumer and wholesale markets using the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model across January 2018 to January 2024 period that encompasses the period of study. This study covered the period measuring from January 2018 to January 2024. As per conclusions drawn upon the tests for stationarity, the series has become non-stationary after a second difference. An analysis of the results indicates substantial and even large amounts. Consumer price’s ARCH (?) and GARCH (?) coefficients are 0.569707, and the coefficients for wholesale prices are 1.29 and -0.13 respectively. This indicates that there is the presence of persistent volatility (? + ? > 0) in the market. In view of these results, it is very clear that certain policy measures need to be put in place. Such measures should include the stabilization of the delivery mechanism through proper stock management and strategic price mechanisms to avoid wide fluctuations in price. Two other factors that may help in price variations stability are increasing market openness and promoting location diversification of supply sources.

Water supply which is a resource that must be sufficient in paddy farming. Reservoirs are civil construction buildings in the field of hydrology that are used to hold water so that it does not go straight to the sea, so that it can be used to improve the availability of water supply to paddy fields that cannot be reached by technical irrigation. The purpose of this study was to differentiating between the effects on water availability, farmer productivity, and economic impacts of the construction of the reservoir on the community. This study was conducted in Sanjai Village, East Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency. A total of 55 respondents of this study were farmers whose paddy fields used water from the reservoir and planted paddy as the main commodity of their farming. The method used to analyse the data was descriptive analysis and paired sample mean different test. The results of the study showed that the effect of reservoirs on water availability in addition to increasing farmer productivity can also reduce the risk of agricultural business due to drought and increase opportunities for farming, especially during the dry season. In addition, the construction of the reservoir has affected the availability of water in Sanjai Village, which was experienced by farmers after the construction of the reservoir, as well as a decrease in the intensity of floods and droughts, the smooth supply of water for the needs of farmers in farming in paddy fields so that the availability of water for farming in paddy fields is more sufficient after the construction of the reservoir and the impact after the development of the reservoir, from an economic point of view, the community was increasing production and productivity. It can be concluded that the construction of the reservoir has been achieved and the function of the reservoir for farmers was very useful and can also change cropping patterns as well as improve crop cultivation.

Cocoa is one of the main plantation crops in North Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, and is a strategic plantation commodity that tends to be important for the national economy because it provides employment, a source of foreign exchange, and a source of income for farmers. Manure is a waste product from livestock manure, one of which is cattle, which can be used to add nutrients and improve the physical and biological properties of soil. Integrated agriculture (crop-livestock integration) is an agricultural system characterized by the interrelationship between crop and livestock components in a farming business or an area. This study was conducted to determine the effect of manure on cocoa crop production, and to find out that feed made from cocoa fruit peel waste can increase the body weight of cattle. To find out how cattle manure and cattle feed using cocoa shell waste can be integrated in increasing cocoa production and increasing body weight in cattle. Based on the results of the research conducted, it was found that the cattle manure treatment showed the best results for each parameter observed in cocoa production, while in the cattle parameter, the provision of additional cocoa peel feed gave the highest results

From different fields in Mosul city, we collected sixteen samples of soil surrounding the rhizosphere zone to isolate and characterize rhizobacterial species based on biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene primer amplification using PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis, and similarity to global isolates in the gene bank. All isolates were bacilliform, with clear differences in their response to Gram staining and biochemical tests. On the other hand, the results showed that root colonizing bacteria could produce different amounts of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Molecular analysis tests based on the 16S rRNA primer gene were carried out to characterize the isolated bacteria at the molecular level and showed 99% homology with Azotobacter tropicalis SC39, Azotobacter chroococcum A11, Bacillus subtilis N22 and Ralstonia pickettii ULM005, which are registered worldwide in GenBank. It should be noted that in the diagnostic isolate R. pickettii both A and T were deleted, G was replaced by C and T was added at position 508. On the other hand, in the B. subtilis isolate, the nitrogenous bases A, G and G were deleted and the nitrogenous base G was replaced by the base C. The data for the third isolate, A. tropicalis, showed deletion of the nitrogenous bases C and T and replacement of G by A and A by T. In the fourth isolate, A. chroococcum, deletion of the nitrogenous base, replacement of C by A and C by T and addition of G, T and A in three positions were observed. These will be used as the basis for future scientific experiments to develop new biofertilizers from the rhizobacteria studied for the production of environmentally sustainable crops.

This research aims to control the quality of cocoa oil industry products through the application of the six sigma method. This research was carried out in the cocoa oil industry centre area in Southeast Sulawesi Province, which accommodates 3 (three) regions, namely; North Kolaka Regency, East Kolaka Regency, and Kolaka Regency. The population in this study were owners or managers of the cocoa oil industry, totalling 130 industries. The research sample used census techniques, namely; the entire population is used as a sample. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews and direct observation at each industrial location during the cocoa oil production process. The analysis used in this research is Six Sigma analysis with the Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) approach. The research results show that there is an average of 17.74% defective cocoa oil products for each production. In addition, the results of this study show that the types of defective cocoa oil products are smell mismatch (17.74%), color (3.71%), taste (7.60%), and water content (70.95%). The results of this research also provide information that the solution needed to control the quality of cocoa oil products is replacing production equipment and production support, establishing partnerships with cocoa bean suppliers from more profitable sources, improving the soft and hard skills of the workforce as well as mentoring, providing machines. more adequate packaging, as well as the use of ethanol solution in the extraction process.

Adopting biosecurity and vaccination technology is one of the steps that can be taken to overcome and minimize FMD disease in beef cattle farming. This study aims to analyze the farmer\'s adoption of biosecurity and vaccination technology in the spread of FMD. The research was conducted from November to December 2023 in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The sample size was 99 farmers whose animals were infected or not infected with FMD. Data collection methods began with observation and interviews using a questionnaire. The data analysis used was qualitative descriptive analysis using a rating scale. Research variables in the adoption process include knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The results showed that the technology adoption process at the knowledge stage was categorized as moderate, the persuasion stage was categorized as high, the decision stage, the implementation stage, and the confirmation stage were categorized as moderate. The average difference from the stages of the technology adoption process of implementing biosecurity and vaccination as a whole is categorized as moderate with a score of 2.15. \r\n

Food processing, such as cooking, can affect the bioactive components of the ingredients. In making rendang tempeh, several stages must be gone through, such as curry (gulai) and kalio formation; therefore, the production of rendang tempeh will take time and might be impacted by the changes in nutrients of the tempeh. This research was conducted to observe changes in chemical components, such as proximate components, antioxidants, fatty acids, and isoflavones, during the process of making tempeh rendang. This study processed tempeh into gulai, kalio, and rendang. Chemical analyses such as proximate analysis (water, fat, protein), antioxidant, fatty acid, and isoflavone analysis were carried out at each stage of making the rendang tempeh. Based on the study\'s results, it was known that the proximate profile increases during the rendang-making process. Linoleic acid, as the main fatty acid content in tempeh, was decreased, as was the isoflavone content. In this study, From the research, it was concluded that the cooking process changes the profile of the bioactive compounds in tempeh, which might be affected by the decrement of phytochemicals. In this study, the degradation pattern of phytochemical compounds, especially isoflavones, remains unknown, as well as whether the compounds are degraded or changed into aglycone forms with higher bioactivity. Therefore, the observation on molecular perspective on nutritional compounds of rendang tempeh during processing from tempe as raw material to rendang tempeh needs to be further conducted to obtain comprehensive information regarding the benefit of transformation of tempe to become a processed food \"rendang tempeh.\"

Declining soil fertility amid the devastating effects of climate change is a threat to the state of food security in developing countries like Kenya. Enhancing production intervention through sustainable farming practices like integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) technologies has been promoted. However, there is a dearth of knowledge revealing the efficacy of such technologies, especially in dry regions of the country. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of integrated soil fertility management technologies on sorghum productivity in the drier parts of Upper Eastern Kenya. Data was collected from 370 sorghum farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The initial PSM stage revealed that various socioeconomic and institutional aspects (subsistence farming, access to extension services, perception of innovations, road infrastructure, ISFM awareness and ISFM costs) influence the adoption decision of ISFM. Further, the findings reveal that farmers who adopted ISFM technologies recorded increased sorghum productivity. Hence, the productivity of adopters was better than that of non-adopters. Improving adoption, therefore requires the facilitation of agricultural institutions and service providers who are key in imparting vital knowledge and creating awareness of productive technologies such as ISFM. Similarly, the results have wider policy effects for agriculture, especially in places where ISFM may be very important for long-term food security and agricultural productivity.

Access to capital for farmers requires the intermediation function of Islamic financing amidst high business risks. The research aims to identify the appropriate construction of Islamic financing products in the agricultural sector to increase access to capital in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. The research method uses the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) Analysis model. The study of Islamic agricultural financing was carried out with 3 structural elements namely purposes, constraints and policy recommendations. The findings of the research results establish 3 policy clusters. First, the construction of a parallel greeting contract model between Islamic Banking, Rice Mills, and Agents in the Warehouse Receipt System scheme. Second, strengthening farmers\' access to Islamic financial institutions and adjusting Sharia financial contracts in farming capital at the central and regional levels. Third, Islamic Cooperative microfinance institutions and financial arrangements for Islamic financing in the agricultural sector. This research recommendation provides valuable insights and practical solutions for implementing Islamic financial products with an agribusiness system approach based on feasibility studies of financial arrangements and risk mitigation for agricultural financing

Bangladesh\'s agriculture sector heavily relies on the use of pesticides for pest control and production. However, improper use and unsafe handling practices can lead to the bio-accumulation of pesticide active ingredients in vegetables, causing high farmer exposure and adverse health effects. This study aimed to detect the presence of pesticide active ingredients in raw vegetables using Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). The study involved four fruit vegetables (Eggplants, Tomatoes, Bitter gourd, Green-bean) and 11 different pesticides used by farmers. The results showed that the most widely applied pesticides were moderately toxic WHO class II pesticides. Organophosphate, Neonicotinoid, and fungicide were found in fruits vegetables (Green bean, bitter gourd & eggplant). Food contamination is a serious concern for developing countries, including Bangladesh. Improper pesticide application can lead to a buildup of agrochemical active ingredients on plants\' edible portions, potentially absorbing into the food chain. Programs like farmer’s field school, integrated pest management, and the department of agricultural extension\'s awareness program can help enhance knowledge about effective pesticide usage and prevent health issues related to personal health and safety. It is crucial to limit and avoid misuse and overdose of pesticides in vegetables to prevent the distribution of pesticide molecules and prevent acute and chronic health complications.

Faculty of Economics, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan Street, Buon Ma Thuot City, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. The study aims to evaluate the economic performance of Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) in certifying organic vegetable farmers in Northern Vietnam. Moreover, this study identifies the differentiation between prosperous and non-prosperous farmers by analyzing critical factors associated with farm management. With a multi-stage cluster sampling technique, the data were collected from three provinces in Northern Vietnam between March and April, 2023. The findings indicate that PGS farming has the potential to be more efficient than conventional farming, mainly due to reduced intermediate costs and access to niche markets. However, PGS farms are more labor-intensive due to their reliance on manual practices. In addition, the selling approaches and technical progress significantly impact economic viability. These findings highlighted the need to develop market access and enhance farmers\' confidence in sustainable agricultural practices to advise the competitiveness of PGS farms.

Variations in macronutrient fertilization and spacing are two important components in increasing shallot yield. This study aims to determine the effect of fertilization and plant spacing on shallot yield. A split-plot design with three replications was applied. The main plots were plant spacing (D1: 20 x 20 cm, D2: 20 x 15 cm, D3: 20 x 10 cm); subplots were fertilization of TSP, NPK, KNO3, Urea, and ZA with four doses: F1 by 188, 600, 0, 180, 400 kg ha-1; F2 by 75, 225, 80, 57, 300 kg ha-1; F3 by 100, 300, 107, 76, 400 kg ha-1; and F4 by 125, 375, 135, 95, 500 kg ha-1, respectively. Data was analyzed using the Anova (Analysis of Varians) and Duncan tests. The number of leaves was positively correlated with wet bulb weight per clump (R2 = 86.36%), and dry bulb weight per clump (R2 = 72.40%). The optimum N, P, and K dosages to achieve the optimum relative yield were 126.85; 178.06; 95.25 kg ha-1. The D3F3 interaction (plant spacing of 20x10 cm with TSP, NPK, KNO3, Urea, and ZA fertilization by 100, 300, 107, 76, and 400 kg ha-1, respectively) enhanced the dry bulbs weight per plot by 84.50%.

Indigenous knowledge on shifting mountainous farm management of Arfak farmers is the original culture of Arfak people, held firm passed down to generations. This can be seen in the agricultural activities of Arfak farmers who are still applying indigenous knowledge to this day. Modernization can affect the existence and can also be a threat to the indigenous knowledge of Arfak farmers. The low level of education of farmers, the oral transfer of indigenous knowledge and the absence of written documentation of indigenous knowledge are the causes of indigenous knowledge being swept away in the flow of modernization. Apart from that, the existence of indigenous knowledge is increasingly threatened by the development of plantations and urban areas. Especially the increasing demand for land for plantations, infrastructure, settlements and mining. Based on data from the West Papua Agriculture Service, in 2017 plantation development reached 53,806 ha and mining reached 89,256 ha in the Arfak Mountains. Agricultural modernization and industrialization will certainly reduce shifting cultivation and the value of indigenous knowledge. The high biodiversity makes Arfak Mountains a conservation area and makes this region a center of highland vegetable production in West Papua. In 2021, agricultural sector contributed 33.61% to growth Arfak Mountains Gross Regional Domestic Product. This study aims to describe how Arfak farmers apply their indigenous knowledge, namely the concept of igya ser hanjob in managing land to support sustainable agricultural activities. This research uses qualitative approach with inductive methods and case study techniques to document the knowledge and experience Arfak farmers selected with the snowball technique. Data was collected through interviews and observations. This study found that sustainable land management in agricultural activities is based on the ecological concept of the Arfak people, namely igya ser hanjob. This concept regulates appropriate management areas for agriculture and ensures environment sustainability and family food. This ecological concept was socialized for generations Arfak farming family. However, in reality there is a threat of landslides in agricultural areas due to socio-economic and ecological changes in mountainous farming are of Arfak community

Fusarium sacchari is a pathogenic fungus that causes the pokkah boeng disease in sugarcane plants. The symptoms of pokkah boeng disease are systemic, spreading throughout all parts of the plant. The control measures implemented so far still rely on synthetic pesticides but have not yielded optimal results and are not environmentally friendly. One of the environmentally friendly control methods is the use of endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi live within plant tissues without causing disease symptoms. This research aims to discover endophytic fungi derived from sugarcane and evaluate their ability to suppress the growth of the pathogen F. sacchari. The research began with the isolation of sugarcane tissue, followed by the morphological and molecular characterization of endophytic fungi and testing their inhibitory capacity against the pathogen F. sacchari. Morphological identification was based on colony and microscopic characteristics, while molecular identification was conducted using PCR and sequencing, with similarities based on GenBank. Inhibition tests were conducted through dual culture and volatile compound testing, as well as enzyme production. The research results obtained 38 endophytic fungal isolates from sugarcane plants that have the ability to inhibit the pathogen F. sacchari. Five of these isolates showed the highest inhibition against F. sacchari and produced cellulase, protease, and chitinase enzymes. Molecular identification results indicated that these five-sugarcane endophytic fungal isolates are Daldinia eschscholdzii, Hypoxylon pulicicidum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma harzianum, and Diaporthe phaseolorum. The endophytic fungus T. harzianum provides the highest inhibition rate of 83.33% in dual culture and 55.5% inhibition through the production of volatile compounds.

This study aims to assess the impact of shading treatment variations on soybean leaf metabolites. The research was conducted as follows: (i) planting several soybean varieties under different shading intensities; (ii) extracting metabolic substances from soybean leaves through maceration; (iii) identifying the extracted substances using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); and (iv) analyzing changes in primary metabolic substances. This study applied different shading treatments to various local soybean varieties: Anjasmoro, Mutiara 1, Denasa 1, Denasa 2, Dena 1, and Dena 2. The results indicate that among the different varieties and shading treatments, the highest isoflavone content was observed in Dena 2 with shading treatment on producing plants (1.820 g), followed by Anjasmoro with shading treatment on non-producing plants (1.788 g), and Dena 2 with no shading treatment (1.780 g). In addition, the statistical analysis revealed that shading treatments show significant differences only in extract mass content treated using fermentation on day 1 (p-value = 0.011) and day 3 (p-value = 0.039). These findings provide valuable insights for the scientific cultivation, management, and large-scale breeding of soybeans, specifically offering guidance on optimal shading levels for improved growth and metabolite production

This study examines the sectoral contributions to Nigeria\'s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and intersectoral interdependencies using Input-Output (I-O) analysis. Results as obtained from the 2022 Eurostat database revealed significant value added/sectoral contributions, agriculture ($6.512B, 15.1%), fishing ($4.529B, 1.1%), food/beverages ($8.446B, 19.6%), and mining/quarrying ($14.659B, 34.1%). Intersectoral interdependencies highlighted key intersectoral linkages between agriculture and food/beverages, mining/quarrying and other industries, and fishing and food/beverages. Results showed that agriculture\'s output (74.58%) is primarily consumed by households and used by the food and beverages sector; output from mining/quarrying (85.73%) is consumed mainly by industries (manufacturing/construction), and output from the fishing (81.68%) sector is mainly consumed by households and used by the food and beverages sector. The Type I and Type II multipliers assessed the economic ripple effects of changes in industry demand. The findings indicate substantial indirect effects, with output multipliers ranging from 1.726% (food/beverages), 2.118% (fishing), 1.803% (mining/quarrying), and 1.758% (agriculture). Income multipliers range from income multipliers: to $2.053B (food/beverages), $3.290B (fishing), $2.540B (agriculture), and $3.01B (mining/quarrying). Fishing and mining/quarrying sectors exhibited the highest total multiplier effects, emphasizing their potential for driving economic growth. The study confirms the robustness of the results using I-O analysis, validating the initial findings. Policy implications include targeted investments in strategic sectors such as agriculture, fishing, food/beverages, and mining/quarrying, which would stimulate economic growth and diversification. Also, resource allocation and diversification strategies to enhance intersectoral linkages would maximize economic benefits and reduce dependence on individual sectors.

Production function is one method to understand the effect of production inputs used in an effort to achieve maximum profit. This study aims to identify how the use of inputs has an influence on the production of layer eggs in Soppeng Regency. The research was conducted from August to October 2023 in Soppeng Regency. The number of samples was 67 layer breeders located in each sub-district in Soppeng Regency using Nonprobability sampling technique. Data were collected through observations and interviews. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the Cobb-Douglass production function model, and tested through simultaneous tests and partial tests. Independent variables consisted of seedlings, labor, cage area, farmer experience, Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine, Avian Influenza (AI) vaccine, concentrate feed, ground corn feed and bran feed. The dependent variable included production (eggs). The study showed tshat the use of inputs of seedlings, labor, cage area, farmer experience, Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine, concentrate feed, and ground corn feed had a significant effect on egg production of laying hens in Soppeng Regency, while the variable Avian Influenza (AI) vaccine and, bran feed did not have a significant effect on egg production of laying hens in Soppeng Regency. So the practical implication of this research is that layer breeders in Soppeng Regency can increase egg production by focusing on the use of quality seeds, efficient labor, optimal utilization of cage area, increasing the experience and knowledge of farmers, as well as, the use of Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine, concentrate feed and ground corn feed, while the use of Avian Influenza (AI) vaccine and bran feed should be re-evaluated because it does not have a significant impact on production.

The success of farming can be influenced by access to agricultural information. However, not all farmers can access and utilize information quickly and accurately. This research aims to analyze the level of access and sources of information, as well as the utilization of horticultural agricultural information by farmers in Raoda Village. The study uses a survey method with 35 horticultural farmers as respondents. Additionally, the research is supported by qualitative data. Qualitative data consists of in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, including the Village Head, Chair of the Farmers Group (Gapoktan), community leaders, village officials, and female farmers. Qualitative data is analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and verification, while quantitative data is analyzed using cross-tabulation and frequency tables with Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS for Windows 20.1. The study’s results indicate a relationship between the level of information access and its utilization. Low access levels lead to low utilization, mainly due to inadequate facilities and infrastructure for farmers to access information, making it challenging for them to utilize it effectively.

This study aims to examine woody species composition, structure, and diversity of Tree-based agroforestry systems in the mid-highlands, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data was collected in each observation plot in the agroforestry patterns. The total number of observation plots was thirty-three. The plot sizes for saplings 5m x 5m, poles 10m x 10m, and trees 20m x 20m. The results found there were 31 plant species composition belonging to 18 families. Plant species at the tree level 73%, herbaceous 10% and shrubs 17%, native endemic species 74%, and introduced 26%. A total of 77% of plant species were planted and 23% of species grew wild. The structures tree level vegetation with the highest importance value index (IVI) was the Tectona grandis species with IVI 144.9, the pole layers were Tectona grandis with IVI 126.7, and the sapling layers were Theobroma cacao with IVI 94.0. While the structures tree level vegetation with the lowest IVI was Artocarpus heterophyllus with IVI 13.4, the pole layers were Mangifera indica with IVI 13.2, and the sapling layers were Syzygium polyanthum and Citrus aurantiifolia with IVI 15.5. The highest species diversity index in the agroforestry of community forest was 1.7. Species richness index (M\') and evenness index (E\') were evenly distributed all in the agroforestry patterns with moderate criteria. The findings research show that agroforestry systems in the study area are diverse, with the different wood species compositions and structures.

Carob tree cultivation requires a good understanding of soil nutrient availability. Therefore, several farmers and other stakeholders have little scientific knowledge in soil standards for carob cultivation. This study aims to characterize and assess the physicochemical quality of carob soils to improve crop production. Data collection involved soil sampling at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth beneath carob trees in 19 different regions of Morocco for 2019 year. Obtained results on the physicochemical analyses of the soil (texture, pH (H2O), electrical conductivity (EC), total limestone, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, assimilable phosphorus (P)) indicated that soils from various studied stations exhibited sandy loam texture, with neutral to slightly alkaline pH values (ranging from 6.39 to 7.62). Regarding other elements, the soils of all studied stations have a content of organic carbon not exceeding 5.11%, an organic matter ranging from 0.62 to 8.70% and a content of total nitrogen below 1.82%, while C/N ratio in soils is relatively higher. However, in all the stations, soil is considered low in available phosphorus. Total limestone contents are higher in different stations. Furthermore, soil electrical conductivity ranges from low value (0.15 mS/cm) to moderate value (2.34 mS/cm). For the most variables, small differences in soil physicochemistry are found between different stations. These findings may elucidate the carob trees’ adaptability to various soil types.

Melatonin (Mel) is a chemical that has been found in bacterial, higher plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The plant extract was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to find Mel. Mel concentrations differed greatly, according to the data. The aim of this study was to see how Mel generated from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves affected thyroid, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles in male albino mice. Twenty male mice were divided into four groups, each containing five mice, and were administered intraperitoneally (i.p) injections of Mel in three doses (4, 7 and 10 mg/ml), except for the control group, which received only a dose of normal saline solution. In comparison to the control therapy, the results showed that the Mel dose of 10 mg/ml had the greatest impact on lowering the levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), lowering the levels of the liver enzymes Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Total serum bilirubin (TSB) and lowering lipid profile (cholesterol (CHO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TG)). In addition to raising the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in mice\'s blood serum with substantial variations from the control therapy. The review summarizes, this evidence implicates Mel in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the body\'s physiological functions

The growth in Vietnamese consumption and development has led to the expansion of the pig sector and increased competition from other markets. The study included 260 small-scale pig producers selected through a random sampling method. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the impact of (1) social profiles on innovations at pig farms and (2) innovations on the competitiveness at pig farms. The findings revealed that predominantly male farmers, with an average age of 50 and a mean experience of 10 years. A total of 60% did not utilize new innovations for production, although they did have access to knowledge on the pig market. The survey found that production innovations received the greatest ranking compared to other innovations while market innovation were the lowest one. About 70% of farms exhibited a high level of competitiveness, while no farms were found to have a poor level of competitiveness. The study observed that gender, education, occupation, experience, and pig units affected innovation scores. Enhancing the perception of market innovation and organizational innovation leads to a higher degree of competitiveness for farmers. It can be concluded that competitiveness is influenced by innovations, and their farms were competitive based on self-evaluation.

Digitalization has brought a transformation approach from all aspects. Various literatures state that agricultural digitalization is a necessity followed by aspects of human resource management for business sustainability. Various empirical evidence states that business continuity in the digital era is greatly influenced by various factors, including digital strategy, digital leadership, organizational agility, and digital transformation. The study aims to present empirical evidence regarding the practice and/or factors of digital strategy, digital leadership, organizational agility, and digital transformation by comparing the case of agricultural business sustainability and business sustainability in the context of human resource management practices. Using a systematic literature review approach involving 59 journals, consisting of 19 journals concerning the topic of agricultural business sustainability, and 40 journals in the context of human resource management. The journals as secondary sources are limited to the latest international research journals, namely publications between 2020-2024. The results of the analysis found that discussions on digital strategy, digital leadership, organizational agility, and digital transformation for agricultural business sustainability began to be carried out in 2023, and there is a possibility of increasing in the coming years. The future study agenda to produce theoretical building is an investigation into the role of digital leadership in creating scenarios for the development and sustainability of agricultural businesses. The second finding is that from the perspective of human resource management, the reconstruction of theoretical evidence of digital strategy, digital leadership, organizational agility, and digital transformation for business sustainability still needs to be explored further. The theoretical contribution is that for the sustainability of agricultural businesses, the role of digital leadership needs further proof of business transformation and sustainability. A review of human resource management practices is also needed because organizational agility with digital strategies is not enough to explain digital transformation. As a practical contribution, companies must adapt early on to transform their businesses with a digital approach, because the era of digital technology requires digitalization. There is already a lot of evidence of a company failing and experiencing severe decline due to ignoring digital transformation.

Zakat is a must to implement which has been proven to be an instrument for equal distribution of income to alleviate poverty and socio-economic disparities in society. This research aims to reveal the latest research regarding the role of zakat in poverty alleviation and prosperity. Then map previous research findings and gaps regarding the role of zakat in poverty alleviation and prosperity; and reveal the role of zakat in the welfare of farmers. This research uses a literature study paradigm. They used secondary data from 71 journals. The scientific journal search technique used the keywords \"the role of Zakat in alleviating poverty and welfare of farmers\" in the latest publication period between 2014 and 2024. Discussions regarding the role of zakat in alleviating poverty and welfare are generally carried out in Indonesia, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tanzania, Brunei Darussalam, Bangladesh, and Malaysia. Research intensity (number of journals) in the rice line shows an increase. The results of previous studies agree that zakat has quite important potential as a key instrument in distributing financial resources to be used by zakat recipients to get out of the poverty line. The results of the next analysis are research findings that specifically state that zakat has begun to shift to the agricultural sector. In particular, research regarding zakat for the welfare of farmers began to be carried out in 2016-2024. The focus of the analysis is distribution scenarios, driving factors for zakat payments, models for empowering zakat recipients, implementation barriers, and most recently the focus on implementing agricultural zakat for financial inclusion by strengthening institutions. Several predictors that are widely discussed by researchers and need to be studied further are the role of zakat on poverty and welfare through labor absorption to overcome unemployment and income inequality.

Financial literacy is recognized as a useful tool for making financial decisions. The better a person\'s literacy, the better their financial management including in making investment decisions, including farmers. This study aims to uncover a future agenda to investigate the role of financial literacy in shaping investment decisions for farmers which is very useful in business development and agricultural development in general. The next goal is to present empirical evidence as an agenda for further investigation into human resource management practices. They use a literature review study approach with a systematic review paradigm. Involving around 38 major journals that discuss financial literacy and investment decisions in the agricultural sector, supported by other journals that discuss resource management practices. The analysis results show that the study analyzes the role of financial literacy in shaping investment decisions for farmers and agricultural development in 16 countries, spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe. The agenda for discussing future research that interests researchers is focused on four things. First, factors that influence/drive investment decisions. Second, factors that shape financial literacy in agricultural business development. Third, household finances. Fourth, is the level of financial literacy. Specifically, human resource management practices that need to be further proven are regarding financial literacy, cognitive bias, and emotional bias in reflecting investment decision-making. Theoretical implications are that financial literacy has been proven to contribute to shaping the knowledge of the community (farmers and business actors) when making investment decisions. To strengthen this, further evidence is needed, along with factors that influence (including barriers) financial literacy. Farmer households are the most frequently suggested subjects. Practical implications are that the Government and other parties involved in financing agricultural businesses must participate in providing scenarios and infrastructure (technology and innovation) to support financial literacy for farmers and the general public.

Farmers are important actors in agribusiness development. Farmers\' businesses are generally classified as small businesses. Various theoretical evidence is sufficient to explain the important role of farmers in agribusiness development which is limited by financial literacy, and financial self-efficacy that influences financial management behavior. However, research on the role of financial literacy and financial self-efficacy on financial management behavior in terms of agribusiness development has not been conducted. This study aims to present new evidence on the role of financial literacy, and financial self-efficacy on financial management behavior in small-scale agribusiness. This study uses a positivist approach also known as quantitative research. Using an explanatory research design and involving around 68 small-scale agribusiness actors in Kendari City. Data were obtained through questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SEM-PLS. It was found that financial literacy by small-scale agribusiness actors can play a role in shaping financial management behavior and financial self-efficacy. Furthermore, the financial self-efficacy skills of small-scale agribusiness actors also play a role in shaping financial management behavior. The theoretical implication is that improving financial management behavior and financial self-efficacy of agribusiness actors can be done by improving financial literacy skills. Likewise, efforts to improve the financial management behavior of agribusiness actors must be supported by financial self-efficacy skills. With this approach, theoretically, agribusiness businesses can develop and be free from all financial risks that lead to business failure. Practical implications for agribusiness actors to improve financial literacy skills to be able to create and/or form financial management behavior and self-efficacy. The second concern is financial self-efficacy which needs to be pursued because it supports financial management behavior in developing agribusiness businesses. For the government, it is better to prepare regulations and instruments that support the creation of an agribusiness business climate. By considering the results of research, policies, and regulations leading to an ecosystem for the formation of financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, and financial management behavior. The research findings open up new avenues for future researchers, namely conducting further analysis using empirical data by measuring agribusiness performance based on the development of the financial curve (profit or gain). Then, it is recommended to use a qualitative paradigm, or a mixed research approach so that the research findings are more comprehensive.

The treatment of claw lesions in cattle is one of the most pressing aspects of veterinary surgery. The main options of treatment include claw trimming along with various methods to speed up healing. At the same time, the problem of finding new agents to improve tissue regeneration remains. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cells may be considered as such a remedy. To evaluate the ability of bovine MSCs from adipose tissue (AT-MSCs) when used after claw trimming to heal the ulcers of digital caushion in the heel area (Ulcus Pulvinus Digitalis) or postoperative wounds after excision of interdigital hyperplasia (tyloma) in dairy cows. The experimental and comparison groups included 5 cows with ulcers and 5 with tylomas each. All the animals underwent claw trimming with primary surgical treatment including the tyloma excision. Then, cows in experimental group were once injected with a cell transplant into the skin area of the fornix of the interdigital cleft. The cows in comparison group received a single intramuscular injection of antibiotic and topical treatment of lesions with a spray. The therapy outcomes were assessed in dynamics of the wound healing and general condition. AT-MSCs at a dose of 5×106 cells in 2 ml in the case of ulcers and 107cells in 4 ml of saline solution in the case of tylomas shortens the wound healing period by (7.0 ± 2.1, P< .05) days as compared to the treatment with antibiotic and topical spray. The mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy may be used for wound healing in cow hooves.

The study aims to evaluate age-related changes and mass accumulation activity in the biosystem of the intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens using fractal frequency-taxonomic profiles and neural network analysis. The molecular genetic terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism method and polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze the frequency-taxonomic profiles of the intestinal microbiota. These profiles were processed using the NONN computational neural network and trained to correctly convert digital profile data into age-related activity index (CSIfract) and mass accumulation activity index (CSImass). The visualization of the age dependence of mass accumulation activity was carried out using a two-dimensional Scale matrix. With the increasing age of broilers, a decrease was observed in the biochemical activity of their intestinal microbiota, associated with the accumulation of functional disorders in the microbial biosystem. Mass accumulative activity reached a maximum at 2-3 weeks of development and then gradually decreased. The quantitative composition of microorganisms changes with age: the number of lactobacilli and bacilli decreased, accompanied by increased clostridium and other microorganisms that increase the risk of diseases in populations. The study showed that age-related changes in broilers\' intestinal microbiota significantly affected their biochemical activity and disease risk. To maintain optimal microbial activity, using probiotic supplements in feed is recommended.

The study examines the necessity of information technology (IT)-based transformation across various sectors in the context of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0, highlighting the critical role of human resource management in public organizations and the essential nature of business digitalization. Through a systematic literature review of 37 recent journals, the findings reveal that dynamic capabilities and IT flexibility are more prevalent in agricultural businesses compared to public organizations. The implications suggest that public organizations should enhance IT governance to improve dynamic capacity focused on human resources, promoting flexibility in IT use. For agricultural businesses, prioritizing the development of IT capacity and enhancing the perceptions and behaviors of farmers and extension workers is crucial for fostering competitiveness. This will optimize the agricultural supply chain and support effective digitalization. Public sector improvement implications: a) Improved IT governance, is public organizations should focus on strengthening their IT governance structures to enhance dynamic capacity, particularly related to human resource management; and b) Improved flexibility is ensuring that IT use in these organizations adheres to flexibility principles will be critical to adapting to changing needs. Agriculture business focus implications: a) Improved capacity is agricultural stakeholders should prioritize improving their IT capacity; b) Improved perceptions and behaviors is improving the perceptions and behaviors of farmers and extension workers is critical to developing dynamic IT capabilities and business flexibility; and c) Effective digitalization, this effort is critical to optimizing the agricultural supply chain and ensuring the success of the digital transformation of agricultural practices.

Starting from James Gilbart\'s view that everyone should have the ability to understand money and its benefits. The ability to understand then becomes the forerunner to the birth of financial literacy, which is interpreted as a person\'s ability to process economic information and make the right decisions related to financial planning. This study seeks to examine theoretical and empirical evidence comparatively regarding the importance of financial literacy for those who work as employees of a business entity and those who work as farmers. Comparative Studies are used to increase the knowledge base and important issues that are the topics of further research. This study uses a systematic literature review design based on relevant journals and scientific reports. The search for journal sources is carried out through the following stages; a) Searching for journals using two keywords, namely \"The Role of Financial Literacy for Business Actors and Employees\" and \"Financial Literacy for Farmers\"; b) Reputable international journals and/or registered in international databases; and c) Journals published in the last five years, namely 2020-2024. The search results produced 56 journals, consisting of 45 journals themed \"The Role of Financial Literacy for Employees\" and 11 journals themed \"Financial Literacy for Farmers\". The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. The results of the analysis found that the internalization of the importance of financial literacy is still focused on the company level with an employee base, and there is still little discussion of the topic of financial literacy for farmers. It was also found that financial literacy at the employee level is better than that of farmers. On average, farmers have financial literacy in the low category. A significant implication is that there must be new ideas in efforts to internalize financial literacy for farmers, considering the complexity of farmers\' businesses that are vulnerable to financial risks. The next implication is that further investigation is needed to produce new ideas regarding the financial literacy model for employees during retirement and in old age for farmers. The results will later become a reference for the Government as a regulator to prepare a scheme to improve the intended literacy.

The sustainability of natural silk in South Sulawesi, especially in Soppeng Regency, has experienced a decline in production related to the quality of silkworms. The Indonesian government tried to import silkworm eggs from the Chinese to restore the silk business. It is necessary to know how the quality of silkworm eggs from the Chinese compares with local silkworm eggs produced by the State Forestry Public Company (Perum Perhutani). Therefore, this research aims to compare the quality of cocoons and filaments between Chinese egg seeds and Perum Perhutani egg seeds so that we can find out which egg seeds produce the best quality and production. The two egg seeds were tested in Pising Village, Donri-Donri District, Soppeng Regency. The parameters observed were fresh cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, percentage, filament length, reelability and filament weight. The results of the research showed that there was a significant difference between egg seeds from Chinese and Perum Perhutani egg seeds in the reelability variable. Reelability of egg seeds from Chinese shows that the average cocoon weight is 74.06% higher compared to 69.31% for Perum Perhutani egg seeds. Apart from that, those produced from egg seeds from Chinese were also greater with differences in fresh cocoon weight of 1.56 g, cocoon shell weight of 0,29 g, cocoon shell percentage of 19.65%, filament weight of 0.25 g, while filament length was higher in seeds. Perum Perhutani eggs with a difference of 1118.39 m. The quality of cocoons and silkworm filaments from Chinese seeds and Perum Perhutani is classified into class C based on SNI: 2011. These results indicate that egg seeds from the Chinese have a higher potential to produce quality silk. This research emphasizes the importance of choosing the right egg seed to increase the quality and quantity of silk production. With the results obtained, it is hoped that the silk industry can choose more sources of egg seeds, especially to increase the competitiveness of silk products in the global market.

Lycopene is a carotenoid derivative, which is a natural pigment synthesized by plants and microorganisms during the photosynthesis process. The study aimed to extract lycopene from tomatoes using organic solvents in a ratio of 2:1:1 of hexane, acetone, and ethanol. The amount of lycopene extracted was (4.87 mg/100 g). We notice a decrease in the values of the liver enzymes ALT, ALK, and AST upon oral administration of lycopene to male infected rats compared to with their values when acrylamide is given alone. A change was also noted in the liver tissue after treatment with lycopene compared to the infected group, as there was an improvement in the central vein, lobules, hepatic sinusoids, and Coover cells after they were congested, expanded, and contained bloody bleeding. In conclusion, lycopene as an antioxidant phyto-component, can protect liver against damages caused by acrylamide (or acrylic amide). Tomatoes can be considering as functional vegetable for protecting liver from damages of chemicals such as acrylamide.

The excessive use of chemical insecticides and the emergence of accompanying environmental problems has led to a return to environmentally friendly plant extracts through nanotechnology and the production of particles loaded on many metals to control insects. Accordingly, the study was conducted in 2023 to investigate the efficiency of the nano- extract of the seeds and leaves of the nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav loaded on magnesium, producing MgO nanoparticles and the regular alcoholic seed extract with a concentration of 5% on the relative efficiency of killing the first and third nymph instars as well as the adults of the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, grown on moss rose seedlings. The results showed that the highest relative efficiency in killing the insects at the first instar was 100% three days after treatment with nano seed extract, 84% at the third instar, and 75% for mealybug adults after seven days of treatment. In contrast, nano extract of nightshade leaves recorded a relative mortality efficiency of 91.6, 47.4 and 54.3% for the first and third nymph instars and the adults, respectively, and 97.1, 55.0 and 58.7% for the regular alcoholic seed extract after seven days of treatment.

Generally, goat farming in Majene Regency is traditionally managed, with relatively low average livestock ownership. This study aims to classify the demographic profile based on the R/C ratio value to identify groups of farmers who need special attention. This approach allows for more targeted policy development, resulting in more efficient use of resources, increased profitability, and a positive impact on the economy of goat farmers. The sampling method used the limited population formula, resulting in 123 farmers. A simple random sampling method was used, and the data collection method used a survey technique. K-mean cluster analysis was performed to classify farmers into three groups. The results obtained are in the form of several points described as follows: (1) technical efficiency related to physical strength, (2) business efficiency does not depend on formal education, (3) productive age and experience can increase efficiency, (4) efficiency is not maximized due to traditional management and (5) livelihoods of farmers affect the scale of ownership. This finding emphasizes the need for empowerment for women farmers, such as forming a Farmer Women Group (FWG). For goat farmers who consider traditional methods to optimize efficiency, counseling and training are needed. For goat farmers who consider traditional methods to maximize efficiency, counseling and training are needed. More detail, a pilot or fostered goat farm with easy, efficient and profitable management is needed based on technology so that farmers who still make raising livestock a side job are more confident and switch to focus more on goat breeding activities