Aims and Scope

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm, Janta College, Bakewar, Etawah during the Rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-2024. Composite soil samples were collected in a zig-zag manner during the fallow period before the start of the experiment and after the harvesting of the crop. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments replicated thrice. PSB was used for seed inoculation. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on the quality and soil nutrient status of potatoes. The results revealed that application of FYM @ 15t/ha + 1/2 of the recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizer resulted in maximum carbohydrate percentage. Application of FYM @ 30t/ha + 1/2 of the recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizer resulted in maximum proteins, TSS and sugars in potato as compared to other integrated nutrient management treatments. As far as soil nutrient status is concerned, different treatments recorded maximum organic carbon percentage, available N, P and K percentage. The results revealed that the application of integrated nutrient management with the application of FYM @ 30t/ha + 1/2 of the recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizer resulted in satisfactory quality parameters in potatoes.\r\nKeywords: Potato, integrated nutrient management, soil nutrient, chemical fertilization, protein, sugar, TSS.\r\n\r\n

The research investigates the impact of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the agronomic performance and nutritional quality of forage species under varying cutting intervals. Forages, being subject to biotic and abiotic stress, often experience changes in productivity and composition, significantly affecting their utility in livestock nutrition. This study evaluates the growth responses and chemical composition of Lolium rigidum, Poa pratensis, and Plantago lanceolata when treated with three ASA doses (0, 1, and 1.5 L/ha) over cutting frequencies of 25, 35, and 45 days. The experiment employed a bifactorial randomized block design with 3×3 treatment combinations. Results indicate that a higher ASA dose of 1.5 L/ha positively influenced plant height, stem density, vigor, and dry matter yield, with a maximum yield of 1922.73 kg DM/ha at 45 days of cutting. This demonstrates that increased ASA application and extended cutting intervals optimize biomass accumulation and agronomic traits. However, shorter cutting intervals at 35 days improved the forage\'s nutritional content, including ash, protein, and ether extract, suggesting a trade-off between quantity and quality. Lolium rigidum displayed the highest protein content (18.05%) and moisture levels, making it suitable for high-protein diets but less ideal for storage. Conversely, Poa pratensis exhibited higher fiber content, impacting digestibility but enhancing its use in maintenance diets. Plantago lanceolata, with elevated ether extract content, offers potential for energy supplementation in high-demand scenarios. The findings underscore the importance of tailoring ASA doses and cutting strategies to specific forage species and production goals, emphasizing their role in sustainable livestock management. These results provide valuable insights into optimizing forage quality and yield under challenging environmental conditions.\r\nKeywords: Climate change, nutritive values, organic biostimulants, template forages, small livestock.\r\n

This study examines how livestock ships affect price volatility and disparity at the producer and consumer levels. East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) is one of the provinces in Indonesia that experiences a beef surplus. Nationally, Jakarta and East Kalimantan are the provinces that experience the 2nd and 4th beef deficits. Livestock distribution is an expected method to reduce the volatility and disparity of live cattle and beef prices. The ARCH/GARCH model is used in analyzing volatility and forecasting food and agricultural commodity prices. Based on the results of the ARCH/GARCH analysis, livestock ships have not been effective in reducing producer price volatility in East Nusa Tenggara and consumer prices in Jakarta and East Kalimantan before the presence of livestock ships (January 2010-December 2015) and after the presence of livestock ships (January 2016-December 2023). The results show that CN Livestock Ships have not been effective in reducing consumer price volatility in both Jakarta and East Kalimantan and also producer prices in ENT and East Kalimantan. Based on the results of the variation coefficient analysis, livestock ships are effective in reducing price disparities between producers (in ENT) and consumers (in East Kalimantan) centers. The smaller the coefficient of variance of a data group, the more homogeneous the data is and this means that the price is more stable or does not fluctuate This ineffectiveness is influenced by the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and ship docking. The price disparity decreased due to lower transportation costs using livestock ships. Referring to this, efforts to increase the effectiveness of the Camara Nusantara livestock ship must be viewed comprehensively. In addition to increasing the operational capacity of livestock ships by increasing the number of fleets and improving ports and other supporting infrastructure, the government also needs to look at the role of inter-island livestock traders, slaughterhouse facilities and wholesalers (distributors, importers) to jointly utilize the Camara Nusantara livestock ship in order to stabilize beef prices both at the producer and consumer levels.\r\nKeywords: Camara Nusantara livestock ship, beef price, volatility, disparity, ARCH, GARCH.\r\n

The conversion of sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WTP) into economically valuable agricultural products is shaped by a complex interplay of social, economic, technological, agronomic, and institutional factors. Among these, the institutional framework is a key determinant, influencing the behavior and interactions of stakeholders involved in sludge management. This framework, encompassing both governance institutions and institutional environments, establishes both enabling conditions and limitations that steer stakeholder actions, thereby affecting the efficiency and integration of sludge use in agriculture. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach grounded in New Institutional Economics to assess the institutional framework that governs the utilization of WTP sludge in Bulgarian agriculture. The analysis reveals substantial progress over the past two decades in the development of regulatory, public, private, market, and hybrid mechanisms, which have led to improvements in sludge application practices. However, the study also identifies regional disparities in the sustainability and pace of development. Understanding the underlying factors that limit stakeholder actions and contribute to these regional variations is essential. To address these challenges, further interdisciplinary research is required, along with a comprehensive evaluation of the institutional framework. This includes gathering both micro- and macro-level data from stakeholders, potentially through official agro-statistical systems at national and EU levels. It is crucial to develop a new national strategy for sludge utilization that aligns with contemporary conditions and societal demands, accompanied by targeted support mechanisms for stakeholders, particularly farmers, using tools such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Furthermore, investigating institutional frameworks and sludge management practices in other EU countries can provide valuable comparative insights, enabling a more accurate assessment of Bulgaria’s position and informing future policy strategies. Lessons from other nations\' experiences can serve as important guidance for management decisions and long-term planning.\r\nKeywords: Wastewater treatment plant (WTP), sludge, institutional framework, new institutional economics, agricultural sludge utilization, policy analysis.\r\n

Among the various by-products of grape processing, Pink Muscat grape seed powder is notable for its rich biochemical composition, which offers distinct advantages when incorporated into food products like bread. The study aims to develop whole wheat bread with grape seed powder. The research was conducted at the Bakery Products Laboratory of the Tver State Agricultural Academy (Tver, Russia). The powder used in the experiments was made from the cake of Pink Muscat grape seeds. The results demonstrated significant improvements in bread quality, with notable enhancements in nutritional content, including increased antioxidant properties, as well as better sensory characteristics such as taste, texture, and aroma. Organoleptic and physicochemical parameters were determined using well-proven and widely known methods and equipment. As part of the research program, the authors developed the formulation of experimental products where whole wheat flour was partially replaced with grape seed powder. The experimental research resulted in the formulation of a promising bakery product that effectively combines the beneficial properties of whole-grain wheat flour and grape seed powder. The most optimal dosage of the phytoadditive was 7.5% of flour weight. Promising directions for further research include the introduction of grape seed powder into the composition of polycomponent mixes for comprehensive enrichment of bakery products, increasing their functional, therapeutic, and preventive characteristics.\r\nKeywords: Powdered product, formulation, quality assessment, food production, food industry.\r\n

Motivation and Perception are psychological factors and essential capital that can influence farmers to improve the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Pepper (GAP-Pepper). This study explores the underlying motivation and perception of farmers to be able to improve the implementation of pepper GAP, and its effects. this study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, using a sample of pepper farmers in bangka belitung province, Indonesia, with a total of 270 victims, sampling using the multistage random sampling method—data collection using observation, interview, and questionnaire techniques with the Likert scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the path equation model used SPSS AMOS 22. The results showed that farmers\' motivation was in the category of doubt to apply GAP Pepper, farmers\' perception of GAP pepper was in a good category, and pepper farmers sometimes applied according to GAP\'s recommendations. Motivation hurts the implementation of the Pepper GAP, while the positive influence of farmers\' perception has not been able to increase the implementation of the Pepper GAP. The positive influence on each GAP variable is land selection and cultivation (PpL) on crop cultivation management (PbT) and PbT on harvest and postharvest (PcP). To change the motivation and perception of farmers, access to resources, information, knowledge, and supporting technology is needed, as well as improving extension services to increase productivity and the existence of white pepper muntok (MWP). \r\nKeywords: Motivation, negative, perception, path analysis, sustainable, Muntok White Pepper (MWP), export products, Pepper Good Agricultural Practices (GAP-P).\r\n

This study aimed to investigate the effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on the performance, small Intestinal morphometry, and carcass traits of broiler chicken. A 160 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicken was used and arranged as a completely randomized design of 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 10 chicken each. Supplementation was through drinking water along the experiment (28 d): P0=control, P1= prebiotic inulin, P2= commercial probiotic and P3= synbiotic mix prebiotic + probiotic and used according to the dosage of prebiotic and probiotic. One brand of commercial feed was provided, and consisted of three rearing phases was used throughout the study, and as such drinking water was provided unlimited. The parameters measured are daily feed, water intakes and weight gain. The digestibility, Gross morphometric indices of small intestine are measures of the length/weight ratio of individual segment, duodenum, jejunum and ileum and carcass traits were measured at the end day of the experiment on 3 chicken samples (lightest, average, and heaviest) of each treatment unit. The research parameters, namely feed and water intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, performance index, digestibility on crude protein intake, crude protein in feces, crude fiber in feces, crude protein and crude fiber, small intestine morphometry the length/weight ratio of individual segment, duodenum, jejunum and ileum and carcass traits are indicated as carcass percentage and carcass density. The effects of prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic supplementations on parameters feed and water intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, performance index, digestibility, small intestine morphometry and Carcass traits were significantly affected on synbiotic supplementation compared to prebiotic, probiotic and control. The responses of body weight gain and feed conversion ratio are also indicated as the Performance Index of the supplementation synbiotic, and the synbiotic chicken group appeared a better improve performance compared to the other groups. In conclusion, synbiotic supplementation showed a better beneficial synergistic supplementation compared with those of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation separately on production performance, feed utilization efficiency, carcass traits and index performance of broiler chicken and synbiotic can significantly reduce feed use as assessed by feed conversion.\r\nKeywords: Broiler chicken, natural growth promotors supplementation, performance index, small intestinal morphometry, carcass traits.\r\n

The increase in coffee plantation area in the Lake Toba area is dominated by 96% of smallholder plantations. The coffee productivity value is relatively low, which is 810 kg/ha/year compared to the productivity that should reach 2000 kg/ha/year. Farmers have had a long experience, but are not supported by cultivation techniques according to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) coffee will trigger an increase in attacks by Plant Pest Organisms. Attacks by the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei and leaf-sucking pests Helopelthis sp. can reduce production by up to 50%. The results of the first year\'s research showed that attacks by leaf-sucking pests Helopelthis sp. spread with an attack intensity ranging from 40.38% to 59.61%, causing the shoots to dry out and rosettes to occur. In addition, the relative density of CBB in monoculture coffee planting patterns can reach 27 individuals/night/trap so that farmers\' dependence on pesticides continues to increase. The occurrence of this pest problem is one indicator of the imbalance of the coffee plantation ecosystem. The utilization of coffee plantation areas in monoculture has not provided added value per planting area, even though various types of annual plants, both food crops and horticultural plants in the area have the potential to be utilized. Although natural enemies of CBB and Helopelthis sp. have been found, there is no information on optimizing the use of natural enemies either by manipulating habitats or applying entomopathogens in the field. The aim of the research was to obtain the type of planting pattern that supports the existence of natural enemies and to obtain biological agents endemic to coffee plantations in the Lake Toba area that have the potential to control CBB. The method used was to increase vegetation diversity, optimize protective plants and augment natural enemies of CBB and Helopelthis sp. as the basis for managing Sustainable Coffee Plantation Pests in the Lake Toba Area. The results of the study showed that increasing the diversity of coffee plantation vegetation (polyculture) could reduce abundance almost twofold and suppress the level of CBB attacks by up to 30.76% compared to monoculture planting patterns. Biological agents of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria sp. and Metarhizium sp. The results of exploration in coffee plantations were also able to kill CBB using the spraying and fruit soaking methods, namely 47.50% and 100% respectively. The conclusion of the study is that polyculture planting patterns can suppress the CBB population. In addition, two types of entomopathogenic fungi were obtained that have the potential to control CBB, including Beauveria sp. and Metharizium sp. \r\nKeywords: Augmentation, coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, conservation, polyculture, vegetation.\r\n

Corn cobs are a potential source of fiber for ruminants, yet it has not been optimally utilized due to its low digestibility. The nutritional content and digestibility of corn cobs could be maximized through microbial activity during the fermentation process. By improving both, corn cobs could be used as valuable fiber sources for ruminants. The microbial activity could be improved by adding starters on the substrate. This study aims to identify the effect of eco-enzymes as starters on the physical and nutritional quality of corn cobs fermentation. This study used a completely randomized design with four treatments namely P0: corn cob without eco-enzyme; P1: corn cob + Eco-enzyme 1,5%; P2: corn cob + Eco-enzyme 3%; and P3: corn cob + Eco-enzyme 4,5% with three replications for each treatment. The results show that using eco-enzyme as a starter could prevent fungal growth in all treatments. In addition, it also improved fermentation quality on T2 and T3 treatment. Using eco-enzyme as a starter also significantly (P<0.05) decreases pH and crude fiber content and increases crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and total digestible nutrient of fermented corn cobs. It can be concluded that providing eco-enzyme starters at different levels can improve the quality of the final results of corn cob fermentation.\r\nKeywords: Agricultural waste, corn cobs, ruminant, eco-enzyme, fermentation, physical quality, nutritional quality.\r\n

This study investigates the challenges facing corn production in Indonesia, using a system dynamics approach to address its role in national food security. The research focuses on declining domestic corn production, increasing reliance on imports, and limited market availability, all of which pose significant risks to food security. The study\'s primary objective is to analyze strategies for improving corn production, emphasizing harvested area expansion, productivity enhancements, and their combined effects. Time series data from 1980 to 2019 were sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Trade, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, utilizing system dynamics modeling—comprising input-output analysis and causal loop diagrams—to simulate key factors influencing corn production. Model verification was conducted using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method, and simulations were performed with Powersim software to project future outcomes. The results indicate that without strategic interventions (Scenario 1), corn production is projected to decline to 31,863,838 tons by 2040, with productivity at 4.8 tons/ha, well below the potential 8 tons/ha. Scenario 2, which focuses on expanding harvested area by 3.5% per year while limiting land conversion, shows considerable potential if supported by sound management and policies. Scenario 3 aims to increase productivity to 5.87 tons/ha through advanced agricultural practices, with projected production reaching 44,761,157 tons by 2040. The combined strategy of area expansion and productivity improvement (Scenario 4) could result in corn availability of 15,063,006 tons by 2040. The study concludes that with proper government support, including the formation of farmer institutions, technical and financial assistance, and stronger partnerships between farmers and industry, Indonesia can significantly boost its corn production and enhance national food security.\r\nKeywords: Corn production, system dynamics, national food security, agricultural productivity, causal loop diagram.\r\n

The development of the internet and ICT-based technology (Information and Communication Technology) is currently the main focus of research, especially in the context of agricultural development which is expected to contribute to economic growth and the Human Development Index (HDI). This study aims to map empirical evidence related to internet penetration in the agricultural sector, economic growth, and human development in various countries. The approach used is a systematic literature study, involving 62 reputable journal articles and proceedings indexed by Copus, Web of Science, and published on Google Scholar. The reference selection process goes through a strict series, including the formulation of research questions (RQ), determination of inclusive-exclusive protocols, data extraction, and quality assurance of references recorded in reputable indexes. Extraction through the collection of important information, including the year of publication, main findings, and research results to map research topics and findings as a basis for theoretical and practical insights. The analysis results show that between 2015 and 2025, relevant studies are spread across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, with a wider cross-regional comparison. The findings suggest that internet penetration and ICT use in the agricultural sector can increase productivity, farmer incomes, and community welfare, which in turn contribute to improving HDI and economic growth. Internet and ICT penetration also play an important role in increasing economic growth and human development, especially in developing countries, although the challenge of the digital divide still exists. Therefore, policies that support the development of technology infrastructure and internet access, as well as cross-sector collaboration, are needed to maximize the benefits of technology in promoting sustainability and welfare. The study recommends policy interventions to expand internet and technology access in the agricultural sector, to support economic development and HDI, with special attention to technology equity in developing countries.\r\nKeywords: Internet penetration, digital literacy, Internet of Things (IoT), ICT policy in agriculture, economic growth, human development index, rural-urban digital divide.\r\n

Vietnam\'s agricultural reliance, particularly on rice cultivation, raises concerns about pesticide usage and its packaging disposal, vital for sustainable and safe practices. This study focused on Bac Tan Uyen District in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam, assessing current practices, challenges, and opportunities for improvement in pesticide management. Through interviews with 100 rice farming households and rigorous data analysis, the study reveals the extensive use of 44 pesticides and 39 active ingredients (AIs) in the district. Notably, practices varied concerning pesticide choice, application, post-spraying actions, protective gear usage, and handling of pesticide packaging. The study highlights alarming trends like the utilization of hazardous AIs and improper disposal methods like burning or leaving empty pesticide containers in fields. However, positive aspects, such as high adherence to designated bins for empty containers (93%), were identified. The results emphasize the urgency of enhancing awareness and implementing sustainable practices for safe pesticide use and packaging disposal, crucial for environmental preservation and human health in rice cultivation.\r\nKeywords: Pesticide use, pesticide packaging, rice cultivation, Binh Duong, Vietnam.\r\n

Agriculture is a cornerstone of Kenya\'s economy, yet declining soil fertility and low adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies, such as biochar, have hindered productivity among smallholder farmers. Biochar is perceived to be a cost-effective technology especially among resource constraint farming households. Despite many smallholder farmers acknowledging the importance of biochar as a soil amendment, most farmers face socio-economic barriers that hinder its adoption at scale. This study focused on how socio-economic factors influence adoption intensity of biochar, with a focus on the farming households in the sub-humid regions of Western Kenya. Employing a multistage stratified sampling procedure and Heckman selection model, the study reveals that awareness of biochar, access to credits, total land used in farming and education level positively and significantly influences adoption of biochar while total land owned in acres negatively and significantly influences adoption of biochar. Similarly, awareness of biochar, access to credits, and education level positively and significantly influences adoption intensity of biochar while terms of land ownership negatively and significantly influence adoption intensity of biochar. The study identifies awareness of biochar, education, credit access, and land ownership as key factors influencing its adoption by smallholder farmers. Promoting biochar as a soil amendment and carbon sequestration technique for farmers should be the main goal of the government, non-governmental organizations, and development organizations. Promoting the advantages of biochar for crop yields and soil fertility should be spearheaded by the Ministry of Agriculture\'s Extension Department. While development organizations offer financial assistance and training to promote adoption, policymakers should push farmer cooperatives to reduce the cost of biochar production and implementation.\r\nKeywords: Soil bulk density, microbial biomass carbon, inverse mills ratio, marginal effect, robust standard error.\r\n

Global population growth, climate change, and soil erosion threaten food security and agricultural production. Traditional farming methods using synthetic fertilisers and pesticides have worsened environmental issues, requiring sustainable solutions. Biostimulants such microbial inoculants, humic compounds, seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates, and chitosan improve crop yield, soil health. By activating plant processes, these biologically generated compounds improve nutrient uptake, root development, and stress tolerance. Azospirillum, Rhizobium, and Bacillus biostimulants fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus, whereas seaweed extracts and protein hydrolysates modulate hormone activity and photosynthesis. Humic compounds modulate gene expression and activate antioxidant pathways to improve soil fertility and stress tolerance. Current biostimulant research, mechanisms of action, and sustainable agricultural potential are summarised in this study. Despite promising results, further research is needed to optimize biostimulant formulations, asses their long-term effects, and large-scale adoption in different agroecosystems. \r\nKeywords: Biostimulants, agriculture, sustainability, microbial, fertility, soil, seaweeds, hormones.\r\n

Land degradation presents a serious threat to sustainable soil and water resources, primarily through erosion, declining soil fertility, and extreme weather events. Addressing these challenges involves selecting appropriate Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) technologies to mitigate soil quality decline and enhance agricultural productivity. Soil and water conservation technologies have been promoted across various regions, especially in dryland areas for several decades with mixed outcomes. Despite their positive impacts, the utilization intensity of these technologies at farm level remains low. Furthermore, there is limited information on use and use intensity of the technologies among youth farmers, who are key to driving agricultural transformation. This study investigates the socio-economic factors influencing the use and use intensity of SWC technologies among youth farmers. A cross-sectional survey was employed to gather data from 396 youth farmers selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Cragg\'s Double Hurdle (DH) model. The findings revealed that among 12 independent variables included in regression analysis education level, farm income, and farming experience significantly determined the choice of using SWC technologies. Additionally, access to credit, marital status, education level, farming experience, land size, technical knowledge, training participation, farm income, and land ownership had significant effects on the intensity of use. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as strengthening credit access, enhancing technical training, and expanding educational opportunities to promote broader adoption and effective utilization of SWC technologies. Integrating these factors into policy and planning is essential to enhancing agricultural productivity, resilience and sustainability among youth farmers in dryland regions.\r\nKeywords: Youth farmers, Cragg\'s Double Hurdle model, climate variability, land use, resilience.\r\n

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in Indonesia\'s economy. The market opportunities and potential in Wonosobo Regency offer promising prospects for the development of MSMEs, particularly in the food sector. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of change management and innovation in the development of MSMEs in Wonosobo Regency. The research utilizes a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were gathered through observation, Focus Group Discussions, and in-depth interviews with the community. The collected data were analyzed using an interactive analysis technique. The results of the study indicate that the strategies for managing change and innovation in developing agricultural product-based MSMEs in Wonosobo Regency include: (1) mapping local potentials and challenges to understand the market positioning of MSMEs; (2) enhancing human resource capacity to improve skills and expertise; (3) leveraging technology and digitalization for marketing and management purposes; (4) strengthening networks and partnerships to tackle challenges and seize opportunities; (5) adapting to market and regulatory changes to remain competitive; (6) diversifying products and markets to ensure sustainable growth. \r\nKeywords: Innovation, market, local potential, agricultural products, job opportunities, sustainable.\r\n

This study compares the profitability of traditional and intensive Vannamei shrimp farming in Kolaka District, Indonesia, focusing on cost structures, net returns, and revenue-to-cost (R/C) ratios. Data was collected from 50 shrimp farmers (40 traditional, 10 intensive) through surveys and observations. The analysis shows that intensive farming generates higher net returns (IDR 81,779,180/ha/year) than traditional farming (IDR 19,848,751/ha/year), due to increased productivity and advanced management. However, traditional farming has a higher R/C ratio (1.50 vs. 1.29), indicating greater cost efficiency. The findings highlight the trade-off between profitability and cost efficiency, with intensive farming offering higher returns but posing greater financial and environmental risks. Recommendations include improving input access, financing, extension services, market integration, and sustainability practices.\r\nKeywords: Farming, profitability, traditional system, intensive system, whiteleg shrimp.\r\n

E-commerce has become a revolutionary innovation in transforming the marketing of agricultural products, creating broader market access while enhancing distribution efficiency. Digital technology enables agricultural products, which previously relied on traditional distribution chains, to be sold directly to consumers through online platforms. This study analyzes the factors influencing the purchasing decisions of agricultural products on e-commerce, with a case study focused on the Shopee platform. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 176 respondents in Kendari. The collected data provide in-depth insights into consumer behavior and the factors driving their purchasing decisions. This study evaluates the impact of three key variables advertising attractiveness, the effectiveness of influencer-based marketing, and the significance of customer reviews on consumer purchasing decisions. These findings are expected to offer strategic contributions to agribusiness players and e-commerce platform managers in enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural product marketing. One of the key findings is that credibility plays a very significant role in influencing purchasing decisions. The results show that credibility, whether from advertisements, influencers, or customer reviews, has a greater impact on building consumer trust and strengthening their loyalty to the products offered. Furthermore, credibility is shown to serve as a significant mediating variable in the relationship between marketing factors and purchasing decisions. Credibility mediates the relationship between advertising attractiveness and purchasing decisions, influencer marketing and purchasing decisions, and online customer reviews and purchasing decisions. This suggests that marketing elements such as creative advertising, collaborations with influencers, and active management of customer reviews not only serve to attract attention but also build consumer trust, which ultimately drives stronger purchasing decisions.\r\nKeywords: Agricultural, E-Commerce, credibility, customer reviews, advertising attractiveness, purchase decisions.\r\n

The integration of agriculture and livestock plays an important role in food security through the utilization of plant waste for animal feed and the processing of livestock manure into fertilizer. The livestock sector has great potential for development, supported by the continuously increasing demand for animal protein consumption. Women play a role in livestock management, but their competence is still low due to limited access to capital, training, and supporting infrastructure. This research aims to analyze in-depth the process of women\'s empowerment in livestock management through communal enclosure and its impact. The research method is qualitative with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The research results show that livestock management with empowerment has economic and social impacts for women. The presence of communal system innovations in shared barn management, a goat kid redemption system, and a livestock manure exchange system in the form of water to address drought issues. The role of change agents, family support, and strong social capital are key factors in the success of empowerment. The strategy involves engaging supporting stakeholders to strengthen their roles by increasing motivation and participation. This study recommends the creation of specific policies to support the empowerment of women in sustainable farming practices. \r\nKeywords: CSR, communal enclosure, goat farming, female farmer group, empowerment, social capital, stakeholders\r\n

This study aims to optimize oil palm production through the application of more targeted pollination techniques using a data-driven approach and a new optimization model. The main focus of the study is to develop an optimization method that can improve the quality of fruit bunches and minimize waste in the production process. The research methodology begins with data collection from oil palm plantations that implement pollination under different conditions. The data is then processed through cleaning, normalization, and standardization stages to ensure consistency and reliability. The K-means clustering algorithm is applied to group data based on similarities in key variables. Furthermore, a new optimization model is designed to maximize production results based on the clusters formed, with the aim of increasing the number of good seeds, bunch weight, and minimizing rejected seeds. The results of the study showed that the application of this optimization model successfully had a positive impact on various aspects of production. The model evaluated using cross-validation showed very good performance, with a low Mean Squared Error (MSE) value (0.118 to 0.196) and an R-squared value that was close to perfect (0.998 to 0.999). This shows the model\'s ability to predict production results with minimal error. This optimization model improved production consistency by reducing inter-cluster variation, increasing the average number of good seeds by 13.6% and bunch weight by 13.0%. In addition, the number of rejected seeds was reduced by 28.6%, indicating better selection efficiency and improved production quality. Operational decision-making became more focused, resulting in more consistent output quality and industry standards. Resource efficiency was also improved with a 20% reduction in waste, which had a positive impact on profitability, increasing profits by 15%. Overall, the model evaluation showed an increase in quantitative output while strengthening production quality and efficiency. The novelty of the study lies in the development of an optimization model that considers multiple determinants, such as pollen viability, bunch weight, number of good seeds, and rejected seeds, to maximize oil palm production more efficiently.\r\nKeywords: Seed bunch optimization, pollination strategy, pollen viability, optimization model, machine learning, k-means clustering, multi-objective optimization.\r\n

Increasing maize productivity in Jeneponto District requires the involvement of competitive and interested stakeholders. Stakeholder mapping is important because it helps to understand the relationships between stakeholders, identify their level of importance and influence in strengthening farmer institutions, and facilitate coordination and collaboration to improve the effectiveness of agricultural development policies and programs. This study aims to identify and map the stakeholders that play a role in the institutional strengthening of maize farmers in Jeneponto District. The study used purposive sampling method to determine relevant informants and stakeholder analysis to understand their influence and interests. The results showed that institutional strengthening of maize farmers requires the active collaboration of stakeholders identified in this study including three sectors: Public Sector: Agricultural Extension Center, Village Government, Agriculture Office, Food Security Office, Regional Development Planning Agency, Regional House of Representatives (DPRD), and Batangkaluku Agricultural Training Center (BBPP); Voluntary Sector: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), Universities, National outstanding farmer and fisherman association, and the Self-Help Agricultural and Rural Training Center (P4S); Private Sector: PT Jiva Agriculture Indonesia, PT Bisi International Tbk, fertiliser distributors, farm shops, and agricultural product traders. The findings of this study provide the basis for strategy recommendations for farmer institutional strengthening, multi-stakeholder collaboration, technological innovation and research, access to capital and markets, regulation and sustainable policies.\r\nKeywords: Stakeholders, farmer institutions, institutional strengthening, stakeholder analysis.\r\n

Indonesia has a serious problem ensuring its agricultural system\'s sustainability because the millennial generation is less interested in participating as farmers. Mapping the causes of the success of millennial farmers is important information in building agricultural systems in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the factors that drive the success of millennial farmers\' business performance in managing their business in Central Java province. Data was collected from 135 millennial farmers in Central Java province using a cluster random sampling technique. Analytical techniques to assess the successful performance of millennial farmers\' businesses use structural equation modeling (SEM)) with a Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results showed that the business performance of millennial farmers in Central Java province was influenced by their ability to build business networks. The ability to create knowledge and the ability to innovate do not affect the performance of the business. This research also provides information that the ability to build a business network also affects the creation of knowledge and innovation of millennial farmers. Knowledge creation affects the innovation power of millennial farmers. Thus, recommendations that can be given so that agricultural development can be sustainable and attract the millennial generation\'s interest in doing business in the agricultural sector must facilitate millennial farmers in building their business networks. This conclusion is still valid for millennial farmers in Central Java province, so if it is to be made a national-level policy, it is necessary to conduct research with a wider scope, which represents the millennial farmer population from all over Indonesia.\r\nKeywords: Business network, millennial farmer, PLS-SEM, business performance, Indonesia.\r\n

This research was conducted at a private producer in Indonesia involved in the manufacturing of refined sugar commodity products. The company presently operates three factories situated in three cities across three distinct provinces. The objective of this study is to minimize the transportation costs incurred from shipping tonnage sugar from manufacturers to customers\' warehouses. This study concludes that contemporary commodities companies might utilize linear programming to enhance their operations, particularly in logistics and distribution processes. Further, a new distribution pattern involving multiple warehouses and distribution centres, or customer warehouses, was proposed to the management team, resulting in more efficient distribution costs compared to previous expenditures. The analysis concludes that the minimum transportation cost for sugar dispatching is IDR 7,755,670,000. The warehouse at Cilegon has been designated to distribute the product to Jambi, South Sulawesi, DKI Jakarta, and Bogor. The warehouse in Surabaya was designated to transport sugar to Bandung, Pekalongan, Semarang, and Sidoarjo. A warehouse in Makassar was assigned to deliver sugar to Bogor, Bandung, Palangkaraya and Banjarmasin in Indonesia. The research suggests that management can employ a linear programming approach to minimize transportation costs by optimizing the sugar distribution pattern from each warehouse to the customer. This study suggests that management can use a linear programming approach and combine this method with a transportation model to minimize transportation costs. Management team, particularly the logistics department, can utilize two phases of solution analysis which is the initial and optimal solution.\r\nKeywords: Distribution centers, food processing, linear programming, shipment, transportation cost.\r\n

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from the rhizosphere of local highland North Luwu rice, which exhibits the ability to promote plant development and function as a biofertilizer. The research was conducted in the Pest Science Laboratory, Department of Pests and Diseases, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi. The present study involved conducting morphological and physiological characterization tests, índole-3-acetic acid producing bacteria ability test, and phosphate dissolution test seed growth test in vitro and identified using the 16S rRNA sequencing method. This study successfully isolated 22 bacterial isolates from soil samples and rhizospheres of local rice varieties. Morphological characterization showed different results in color, size, and shape. Testing the ability of índole-3-acetic acid bacteria from isolates of local rice rhizosphere bacteria of the Bandarata rice variety produced the brightest pink hue (3.39 milligrams per liter). The local tarone hoyane rice variety can dissolve phosphate with a dissolution index value of 2.64. The results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence using the BLAST-N program showed that bacterial isolates from local North Luwu rice produced Pseudomonas bacteria. sp strain, Pseudomonas fluoresces bacteria, Pseudomonas montel strain, and Stenotrophonas sp strain. This research produced isolates of endophytic bacteria from local highland rice which can increase plant growth.\r\nKeywords: Endophytic bacteria; rice; rhizobacteria; phosphate solubilization, IAA.\r\n

This research analyzed the state of extension worker\'s qualifications, the state of extension worker\'s performance, and the effect of qualifications on the performance of extension workers in Kendari City. The research was carried out in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province from March to June 2023. The population or research analysis unit this research was 63 people who were State Civil Apparatus (ASN) that agricultural extension workers in Kendari City. In this research, the exogenous variable is the instructor\'s qualifications (X) which include communication skills of extension workers (X1), attitudes extension workers (X2), knowledge extension workers (X3), and introduction to the socio-culture of farmers (X4). The endogenous variables in the research are agricultural instructor performance (Y) which includes performance in planning (Y1), performance in implementation (Y2), and performance in extension evaluation (Y3). In describing the condition of qualifications and performance of extension workers in Kendari City, descriptive statistical analysis was used. Meanwhile, in analyzing the effect of qualifications on the performance of instructors in Kendari City, inferential statistical analysis, namely structural equation modeling (SEM) - Partial least squares (PLS), was used. The results of this research show that the qualifications and performance of extension workers in Kendari City are in the good category. The results of this research also showed that extension worker\'s qualifications have a significant positive influence on the performance of extension workers in Kendari City. The results of this research indicate that increasing the qualifications of extension workers will improve the performance of extension workers. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the qualifications of extension workers towards being very good so that the performance of extension workers will also increase towards being very good as well.\r\nKeywords: Extension worker’s qualifications, extension worker’s performance, agricultural, agricultural extension, \r\n extension worker’s communication skills..\r\n

The study aimed to determine the optimal dose of a humic feed additive that balances weight gain and milk-forming processes in cows using neural network analysis. The productivity of cows can be increased by regulating the nutritional diet. It is possible to disrupt the balance of weight gain and milk-forming processes, which leads to an increase in the risks of susceptibility of cows to pathogenic infections. A novel computational system, NONN, was developed to calculate indices representing weight gain (CSImass) and milk production (CSImilk) based on blood parameters. As a result, it was possible to determine the maximum intensity of weight gain processes with a slight decrease in dairy productivity of cows when they were fed humic supplement No. 3 containing 70% humic acid. Thus, the proposed NONN computing system allows monitoring the effect of feed additives on the balance of weight gain, milk-forming, and immune protective processes based on cow blood parameters, which can be applied in developing new technologies for keeping farm animals. This approach is adaptable to other feed additives and livestock species, providing a scalable solution for sustainable livestock management and improving resource efficiency in farming practices\r\nKeywords: Milk-forming biochemical processes, humic acids, computational neural network, veterinary, food industry.\r\n

A laboratory study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of ionic strength on the dissolution and precipitation of carbonate minerals and ionic species using well water with ionic strengths of (0.013, 0.065, 0.130) mol l-1 by the method of wetting and drying of natural, unexcited soil columns taken from five different sites in their content of calcium carbonate within Nineveh Governorate / northern Iraq, classified within the Calciothirds soil group, and for five wetting and drying cycles, the duration of one cycle being ten days. After the fifth cycle of wetting and drying, water is added in the amount of two pore sizes to obtain a displacement solution of one pore size, which is collected in plastic bottles to conduct analysis of the main dissolved ions and entered into the VisualMinteq A2 geochemical equilibrium program to obtain saturation index values for carbonate minerals. The outputs of the program showed the superiority of well water with an ionic strength of (0.130) mol l-1 in the quantity and number of precipitated carbonate minerals represented by minerals (Calcite, Argonit, Vitrite, Regular Dolomite, Irregular Dolomite, Honet and Magnesite). The results of the theoretical correlation showed that the dominant ionic species were arranged as follows: CaSO4.2H2O >MgCl2>CaCl2> Ca(HCO3)2 > MgSO4> Mg(HCO3)2. The results show an increase in the percentages of all ionic species for all sites with an increase in the ionic strength of the water.\r\nKeywords: Ionic strength, dissolution, precipitation, carbon minerals, ionic species, saturation index, Ionic composition.\r\n

The Islam feature in the embark on a herbal contribution for the Indonesian economy and herbal medicine use Islam features to settle on a business model. One of the focus of the study is to employ in the Halal Treatments starting from the analysis of the available herbal treatments and certification of this treatment, it’s marketing issue and prospects of this market in the Indonesia region. There is a rising need for Halal certified products globally especially herbal products as a result of ethical and natural products due to the increase in health concerns. Indonesia embracing agriculture in compliance with halal certification would indeed be an enticing business opportunity as farmers would sell the ingredients and also promote rural development. It really affects the farming community structure as they would be able to practice halal compliant practices that provide a false promise of rural development. The same benefits also go the pharmaceutical sector as the farmers have the raw materials they need expanding their target market both locally and internationally. The documentation protocol is lengthy and complicated which increases the requirement for higher costs as they need high levels of compatibility especially from Islamic standards. These challenges simply demonstrate the need for more assistance in the form of industry coordination and coherence of the policies to meet targets without compromising on quality. In spite of those issues, there is a conspiring trend that bare noticing for many companies, the trend of getting higher levels of consumer trust and access to overseas markets is one that has already been established. This review emphasizes the need for increased study and work of the industry to better the certification process, cut costs, and improve the economic benefits for Indonesia’s Halal-certified herbal medicine industry. It follows that halal certification is likely to enhance the international competitiveness of Indonesia’s herbal products working to position them as quality products on the market for health-conscious consumers worldwide.\r\nKeywords: Agribusiness, certification, halal, herbal medicine, pharmaceutical, Indonesia.\r\n

This study aims to analyze the impact of the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) on product quality at Maiwa Breeding Centre (MBC). Data was collected from 118 respondents in Makassar City. The research found that product quality aspects such as attractive appearance, specifications, and product longevity are considered excessive by consumers. This suggests that companies should focus on improving these aspects and reviewing excessive ones to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. The findings can guide MBC in setting higher product quality standards, promoting new innovations, and building strategic partnerships. High customer satisfaction can increase competitiveness and foster brand loyalty, leading to increased demand for high-quality livestock products. This, in turn, encourages manufacturers to innovate and improve their products, ultimately fostering a sustainable livestock industry. Further research is needed to identify additional factors influencing customer satisfaction and the quality of livestock products, as well as to enhance consumer knowledge about selecting quality products.\r\nKeywords: Product quality, consumer satisfaction, Maiwa breeding centre, CSI, excessive, suggest, aspects, specification\r\n

Food serves not only as a fundamental requirement for human existence but also embodies a significant economic asset, particularly through the agricultural production of food crops. The objective of this research is to project soybean output in Indonesia utilizing Production and Operations Management-Quantitative Method (POM-QM) software. The dataset concerning soybean production spanning from 2000 to 2024 reveals notable variability, characterized by intervals of both scarcity and abundance. Three distinct time-series forecasting methodologies were implemented: Double Moving Average (DMA), Weighted Moving Average (WMA), and Single Exponential Smoothing (SES). The optimal model was determined based on critical precision indicators, which include Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Among the employed methodologies, WMA emerged as the most precise, demonstrating a MAPE value of 17.89%. The projected soybean production is approximated at 558.3 tons, suggesting an adequate supply to satisfy consumer requirements. It is advisable for the government to leverage these projections to proficiently forecast and strategize for forthcoming national soybean demand.\r\nKeywords: Quantitative forecasting, production, soybean commodity, POM-QM.\r\n

This study analyzed the procurement of raw materials in a company PT.X at Makassar city, Indonesia in production activities. Production raw materials are imported from various places such as the provision of soybean meal, MBM, CGM, and DDGS. The purpose of this study is to determine the procurement management of soybean meal, MBM, CGM, DDGS raw materials in the manufacture of feed in the company. Raw material inventory management in each company is different, both in terms of the number of units of raw material inventory in the company, the time of use, and the amount of cost of purchasing these raw materials. The use of the EOQ method in calculating raw material inventory can help control costs incurred. The optimal amount of soybean meal raw material ordering is 4.426.773 kg with an order frequency of 10 times and a safety stock of 3.033.033 kg and a reoder point in 45 days. MBM ordering is 1.131.681 kg with an order frequency of 3 times and a safety stock of 258.333 kg and a reorder point in 91 days. Furthermore, the ordering CGM is 519.709 kg with an order frequency of 6 times and a safety stock of 233.333 kg and a reoder point in 52 days. The last raw material is DDGS as much as 1.569.749 kg with an order frequency of 9 times and a safety stock of 1.210.000 kg and a reorder point in 73 days. If this is done, the company will certainly benefit from cost efficiency. The results obtained were able to reduce company expenses by IDR 75,915,750,000 in one period.\r\nKeywords: Feed company, inventory management, feed raw materials, economic order quantity, reorder point.\r\n

There is still controversy regarding the success of implementing a self-managed project management system in rural infrastructure development, including inconsistencies in the satisfaction (needs) of village communities as users in implementing development. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a self-managed project management system in rural infrastructure development, focusing on the relationship between user satisfaction and the performance of such projects in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research, which involved 354 participants from a population of 708, uses secondary data obtained through questionnaires and analyzes it using the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and SEM-AMOS techniques. The findings indicate that the community\'s satisfaction with infrastructure is only \"quite satisfactory,\" highlighting the significant role of user satisfaction in the success of development projects. The study suggests that key stakeholders, including Village Heads and project managers, should collaborate to improve development management. The research also recommends that the central government refine the process of allocating village funds for infrastructure, ensuring that projects are aligned with community needs and deliver maximum benefits for local economic, social, and cultural activities.\r\nKeywords: Performance, CSI, project management, self-management, satisfaction, facilities and infrastructure, coastal villages.\r\n

This experiment was conducted in a factorial design using a randomized complete block design with three replications at a research farm in Babylon, Iraq, located at coordinates (32º 24? 07? N and 44º 43? 22? E). The study was carried out over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022, focusing on safflower. The first factor examined different concentrations of plant-derived smoke (0.5, 1, and 1.5 liters per hectare), with normal water as the control. The second factor involved foliar spraying at various growth stages: 1) emergence, 2) stem elongation, 3) flowering, 4) emergence + stem elongation, 5) emergence + flowering, 6) stem elongation + flowering, and 7) emergence + stem elongation + flowering. The results indicated that foliar spraying with plant-derived smoke at different growth stages significantly affected various traits of safflower plants. Increasing the concentration of smoke water resulted in significant increases in the number of leaves per plant, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, biological yield, grain yield, oil yield, and stem diameter in comparison to the control group, except for a decrease in leaf temperature. However, the plant-derived smoke applied at multiple growth stages had a more significant positive effect than single-stage applications. The highest grain yield (3,604 kg/ha; P<0.05), oil percentage (23.07%), and oil yield (873.7 kg/ha) were achieved by applying 1.5 L/ha of plant-derived smoke during the seedling, stem elongation, and flowering stages. In conclusion, utilizing plant-derived smoke at various growth stages can enhance both the quantitative and qualitative yield of safflower. The results indicate that foliar spraying with plant-derived smoke, particularly at higher concentrations and during multiple growth stages, can be an effective method for enhancing safflower productivity.\r\nKeywords: Growth stage, foliar spraying, safflower, smoke-water, agricultural productivity, Iraq.\r\n

The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a technological revolution that has fundamentally altered how individuals work, contemplate, and reside. It is an advanced paradigm that requires a range of technologies and infrastructures. This paper presents a literature review on the use of current technologies in various IoT domains, including statistics from recent research works. The statistical results show that blockchain technology is under-researched compared to other technologies, and less used in agriculture than in other sectors, because this technology was initially associated with crypto and did not recognize its importance for other fields, such as agriculture. So, we will later in this study focus on the importance of on the benefits of use of blockchain technology in smart agriculture, and in particular the potential contribution of this technology to supply chains.\r\nKeywords: IoT technologies, blockchain, agriculture, supply chain, transparency, traceability, agri-food\r\n

This paper describes the types of risks, sources of risks, levels of risks, attitudes, and strategies of small farmers in dealing with the risks of large chili farming businesses on Lombok Island, Indonesia. Data collection used the triangulation method, a combination of structured interview methods with farmers, in-depth interviews with key informants, field observations, virtual surveys, and literature studies. Types of risks were analyzed descriptively; sources of risks were analyzed using FMEA; risk levels using the coefficient of variation; farmers\' attitudes towards risk using regression and farmers\' strategies in dealing with risks were analyzed descriptively, qualitatively and quantitatively. The study found that the types of farming risks faced by farmers are production risks and product price risks. The main sources of production risk are pest and disease attacks and climate change, while price risks come from the abundance of chili production. In dealing with production risks, farmers take a risk-taking attitude, while in dealing with price risks, farmers are neutral. One of the effective risk management strategies that supports the sustainability of large chili farming businesses on Lombok Island is cooperation between farmers and collectors and/or inter-island traders, this is what makes this study new because it is unique and has not been found in other farming businesses.\r\nKeywords: Coefficient variation, triangulation methods, large chili farm, Lombok Island, risk management.\r\n

Globally, biosecurity is one of the important methods to improve farm prevention under disease transmission. The study involved 240 swine farmers in Long An and Ben Tre provinces to determine social demographic characteristics and biosecurity management status and analyze the effects of social demographics on biosecurity management, including planning, implementation, controlling, and adjustment, which were collected by a random sampling method. A descriptive statistic and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. The results found that most respondents were male (70.4%), with an average age of 49.28 years old, with 38.3% finished undergraduate education, a mean experience of 14.48 years, having more than 4 members in the family and more than one labor take part in farming activities. Farmers were more likely to implement and adjust the biosecurity plan, while they were less focused on planning and controlling their biosecurity management. Our results found that the highest proportion was an adjustment, accounting for 75.52%, while the lowest was the controlling (61.92%), especially since farmers did not evaluate their biosecurity activities frequently. Besides, an increase in education, occupation, family members, and labor could increase 1.252, 2.627, 0.859, and 1.156 times, respectively, in biosecurity management, while age was found to have a negative impact. In conclusion, these findings emphasized the importance of considering sociodemographic characteristics when developing and implementing biosecurity strategies for small swine farms.\r\nKeywords: Biosecurity management, swine farm, smallholder, Mekong delta, social demographics, smallholder farmer\r\n

The widespread use of the internet has accelerated digital technology adoption in almost all aspects of life in Indonesia, including the country’s small-scale livestock industry. The shift from manual to digital databases is common in the current industrial 4.0 era. SIMAPI is a top-down web-based smart-tag innovation that brings physical livestock data to the digital realm. However, a primary issue affecting the implementation of this smart tag technology is the livestock farmers. Therefore, this article explores the adoption process of SIMAPI among 6,000 cattle in Boyolali Regency, the largest milk-producing area in Central Java Province, Indonesia. A total of 50 livestock farmers and seven other stakeholders participated in in-depth interviews for this research. The results revealed that several tiers in the SIMAPI adoption process were absent in the diffusion stage. Moreover, age, education, culture, opinion leaders, regulations, and infrastructure are essential factors for the success of SIMAPI adoption in Boyolali Regency.\r\nKeywords: ICT Adoption, information technology, diffusion of innovation, livestock farmers.\r\n