Volume 8 (2020), Issue 2

The main objective of the present work was to study the population trend of the Seychelles scale, Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on guava trees at Abu-Suwair district in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during two consecutive years (2018-19). The results showed that insect population was recorded on guava trees all the year round and has three peaks of seasonal activity per year i.e., June, August/September and November. It indicates that the climatic conditions of autumn months during the two years were more critical based on total population density of I. seychellarum. Furthermore, the effect of climatic factors (daily mean maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature and mean relative humidity) on the total population of I. seychellarum varied during the years. The relative humidity was found the most effective variable for the changes in the insect population during both years. Also, the percentages of explained variance (E.V.) indicated that all tested variables were responsible for variability in the total insect population by 80.98 and 78.48% during the two years, respectively.

Vegetables have very important place in our daily diets. In recent years, farmers have focused on obtaining high quality and yield from fields; however, some biotic and abiotic factors affect the yield and quality of products. One of these factors is plant parasitic nematodes. Each year, plant-parasitic nematodes cause about 80 billion dollars yield losses. Their damage is easily confused with other biotic and abiotic factors, so farmers cannot control these and face yield losses up to 100%. Although many economically important species were obtained in vegetable growing areas in different part of Turkey, no studies have been conducted to determine the plant parasitic nematodes species in Kirsehir. The aim of this study was to determine plant parasitic nematodes species and their population density in vegetables growing areas in the province of Kirsehir. Totally 235 soil and root samples were collected from vegetable fields during 2014-15. Soil and root samples were extracted by modified baermann funnel method (petri dish method). Plant parasitic nematodes were permanently prepared for the diagnostic studies. As a result of this study, 4 important plant parasitic species belonging to the Order Tylenchida were recorded. Most common species found were Pratylenchus thornei (Sher et Allen 1953) and Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Chitwood and Oteifa 1952.

Plant growth regulators play vital role in citrus fruits production. Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is the major citrus fruit of Pakistan. Present study was planned to observe the effects of pre-harvest foliar spray of GA3 to improve the Kinnow mandarin fruit yield and quality. Foliar application of GA3 was made at pre-harvest stage in four different concentrations i.e., 25, 45, 65 and 85ppm. Experiment was laid out according to RCBD with five treatments (four GA3 concentrations and one control) with three replications. Fruits were harvested and observed based on physical and biochemical properties. The results revealed that GA3 application significantly improved the physical (peel color, fruit weight and juice weight) and biochemical properties (TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, antioxidants, phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids) of Kinnow fruit. It was found that out of all the treatments GA3 @ 65ppm was the best regarding the physical parameters while application of GA3 @ 25ppm and 45ppm performed better on biochemical quality attributes of Kinnow mandarin. It is concluded that GA3 (25 or 45ppm) may be applied as foliar spray to improve the quality in Kinnow fruit

Kabuli and Desi type chickpea (Cicer auritinum L.) are highly edible legume of the world due to their high nutritional values. Desi type chickpea are mostly cultivated in Asian sub-continent with marginal cultivation in Turkey, Mexico and Africa. Shoot tip explants (Desi chickpea) of 2-3 days old in vitro germianted seedlings were cultured on MS medium enriched with variable concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.50, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L) of Kinetin (KIN) for in vtro shoot regeneration. Multiple shoot induction was reocrded after 4 weeks of culture with no sign of callus induction. Shoot formation frequency was recorded as 60-100%. Shoot counts ranged 2.1-3.7 with maximum shoot counts (3.7) on medium enriched with 3.0 mg/L KIN. Shoot length ranged 2.28-3.43 cm with achievement of longest shoots (3.43 cm) on medium having 2.0 mg/L KIN. Transfer of in vitro regenertaed shoots to rooting medium (0.25-1.0 mg/L IBA) resulted in low rooting percentage with callus and multiple shoots induction. Rooted plantlets failed to survive when trasferred to pots containing perlite:compost (1:4). Results suggested that Kinetin can be used for shoot formation but threr is need of more extensive work on in vitro rooting and acclimatization of in vitro rooted plantlets.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different row spacing on yield and physiological characteristics of Azkan and Çağatay chickpea varieties under Kirsehir ecological conditions during 2017-18. Trials were established at three different rows (28-42-56 cm) and varieties were placed in the main plots and spacing in the subplots. Plant height, first pod height, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, yield/plant, facial grain weight, biological yield, yield/hectare, light attitude, light attitude efficiency, stomata numbers and stomata sizes were determined. It was observed that the distance between the rows caused changes in agronomic and physiological properties of plants, but the changes differed according to the varieties. In terms of agronomic features, the distance between rows in the Azkan variety caused less difference, while Çağatay variety caused more differences. In terms of physiological features, row spacing was found to be significantly effective in both cultivars and it was found that 42 cm row spacing was appropriate for both cultivars.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different row spacing on yield and physiological characteristics of Azkan and Çağatay chickpea varieties under Kirsehir ecological conditions during 2017-18. Trials were established at three different rows (28-42-56 cm) and varieties were placed in the main plots and spacing in the subplots. Plant height, first pod height, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, yield/plant, facial grain weight, biological yield, yield/hectare, light attitude, light attitude efficiency, stomata numbers and stomata sizes were determined. It was observed that the distance between the rows caused changes in agronomic and physiological properties of plants, but the changes differed according to the varieties. In terms of agronomic features, the distance between rows in the Azkan variety caused less difference, while Çağatay variety caused more differences. In terms of physiological features, row spacing was found to be significantly effective in both cultivars and it was found that 42 cm row spacing was appropriate for both cultivars

Twenty-five cotton varieties/genotypes were sown on June 7th 2012 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Results showed that at end of October a significant high population of whitefly was recorded on CIM-240 BH-175, CIM-70, MNH-147 and RH-112 as compared to low population on CIM-446, CIM-595, IR-3701, CIM-506 and MNH-552. Statistically significant difference in mean CLCuV disease on different cotton varieties was observed in all sampling dates at 5% level of significance. Out of 25 cotton varieties, only eight varieties i.e. BH-36, RH-112, CIM-240, CIM-70, MNH-329, MNH-147, BH-186 and BH-175 were recorded highly susceptible with mean CLCuV disease rating. Ten varieties were moderately susceptible. None of the variety was found moderately resistant, whereas, seven varieties i.e. MNH-552, CIM-506, CIM-443, CIM-448, CIM-446, MNH-886 and IR-3701 were recorded resistant. Correlation between CLCuV and environmental factors revealed that maximum temperature correlated negatively for CLCuV with all but significant for some cotton varieties. However, variety MS-95 had positive correlation with CLCuV disease. Correlation with minimum temperature was negative and significant except for two varieties MNH-147 and MNH-129. While all other environmental conditions i.e. maximum and minimum relative humidity and wind velocity (km/hr) were non-significant but negatively correlated with CLCuV disease for all cotton varieties. It means that all environmental conditions were adverse against CLCuV disease. CLCuV disease needs to be managed through resistance from all available germplasm based on incidence and intensity. The development of transgenic using RNAi technology may give development of resistance against viral disease.

The aptamers are the leading class of binding molecules, which can bind with different kind of targets like ions, toxin, allergens, proteins, bacteria, virus, and even parasites. But the binding mechanism of aptamers with the targets isn’t well explored. In this study, we used our selected aptamers (M1) to recognize the binding mechanism and binding sites of the aptamers. The aptamer was labeled with FAM and Y. enterocolitica cells were harvested at different growth stages, after washing the aptamer was incubated with bacterial cells, and its attachment with pathogen was confirmed by confocal microscopy. During analysis, the aptamers produced green light on the surface of cells which confirms their attachment with bacterial cells. The Y. enterocolitica cells have different morphological features when grown at different temperatures (26 oC and 37 oC). After the growth, the cells were harvested, washed and incubated with the aptamer M1. The results shown, fluoresce intensity was significantly reduced at 37 oC due to different morphology of bacterial cells. Furthermore, cells were subjected to different treatments of enzymes (Proteinase K and Trypsin), chelating agent (ETDA), and surfactant (Triton X-100) to unveil the binding sites. The result of enzymatic treatment didn’t show any significant reduction in signals. But the chelating agent (ETDA) and surfactant triton X-100 treatment significantly reduced the fluorescence intensities, which showed that the binding sites of the aptamers were not the cell surface proteins but the lipopolysaccharides present on the outer membrane of the Y. enterocolitica. This finding reveals the mechanism by which our aptamer binds to the target, which can be applied in the detection field

The objective of current experiment was to investigate the effect of whole-crop corn silage (WCS) and rice straw (RS) on sorting and feeding behavior of young bulls. For this purpose, 20 Angus hybrid bulls (body weight = 272.43 ± 21.80 kg) were randomly distributed into two groups. The dietary treatments were: WCS, whole-plant corn silage diet and RS, rice straw diet. Concentrate was supplemented with forage sources in both treatment in the form of total mix ration. Results revealed that irrespective of the experimental treatments, young bulls sorted against long particle (particles on >19 mm sieve) and for fine particle (particles

Geographical Indication (GI), which is an industrial property right, is perceived as a quality mark, differentiated products/goods, identified with the area where it is produced, the contribution of the human element and also a reflection of the culture for origin of the society. The legal regulation started with the Decree Law on the Protection of Geographical Indications numbered 555 in 1995, and then the legal ground has been strengthened with the Industrial Property Law No. 6769 on 22.12.2016. In Turkey, according to the data of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Agency as of 31 May 2020, there are 485 registered geographical indications (Protected Designation of Origin (PDO-Mensei), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI-Mahrec) and Traditional Specialty Guarantee (TSG-Geleneksel Urun), and 510 candidates are at the evaluation stage. Turkey is among the few countries in the World in terms of wide biodiversity and cultural values. Especially with the new Law, there has been a significant increase in the number of the products registered to GI system in the last 2.5 years. In this case, besides having an effect of the new Law, the increasing interest in such products in the world, changing the perceptions of consumers towards GI products and perceiving such products as healthy products are effective developments. Especially, the GI system is seen as important rural development model for underdeveloped but culturally rich rural areas. It is also a part of sustainable agriculture and reliable food systems. Turkey has gained momentum in the establishment and development of the GI system later than it must have. However, together with the existing system deficiencies, it makes significant contributions to the development of GI system in Turkey. But there are still problems with governance, auditing and ownership in the Geographical Indication system. These situations negatively affect success. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that how the Geographical Indication system has developed, which started to develop with its legal basis in 1995, developed with the new Law and what are the factors that trigger these developments by using qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques? The main material of the study is the statistics published by the Turkish Patent and Trademark authority on Geographical Indication. As a result, Turkey which has achieved a significant increase in number of new laws, should show the same success in the international arena. It should use its current potential within the scope of sustainable development, not within the scope of the phenomenon of growth. Thus, with this system, while ensuring the protection of cultural values, economic and social achievements can be achieved.